Performance analysis of an LTE gateway for the IoT
25 Jun 2012-pp 1-6
TL;DR: The suitability of LTE for the interconnection of aggregated edge devices is investigated, under the assumption that the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), which is becoming increasingly popular, is used.
Abstract: In the Internet of Things (IoT) the edge devices often rely on gateways to connect to the Internet, to reduce costs and energy consumption. For those scenarios where the gateway itself does not have a wired Internet connection, LTE is a candidate solution due to its high spectral efficiency, bandwidth, and coverage. In this paper, the suitability of LTE for the interconnection of aggregated edge devices is investigated. The study is carried out under the assumption that the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), which is becoming increasingly popular, is used. The performance analysis is carried out through packet-level simulation with the open source simulator ns3.
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TL;DR: An overview of the state of the art with regards to sensing in smart cities is presented, which can be of help to researchers and developers in understanding how advanced sensing can play a role inSmart cities.
Abstract: In a world where resources are scarce and urban areas consume the vast majority of these resources, it is vital to make cities greener and more sustainable. Advanced systems to improve and automate processes within a city will play a leading role in smart cities. From smart design of buildings, which capture rain water for later use, to intelligent control systems, which can monitor infrastructures autonomously, the possible improvements enabled by sensing technologies are immense. Ubiquitous sensing poses numerous challenges, which are of a technological or social nature. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art with regards to sensing in smart cities. Topics include sensing applications in smart cities, sensing platforms and technical challenges associated with these technologies. In an effort to provide a holistic view of how sensing technologies play a role in smart cities, a range of applications and technical challenges associated with these applications are discussed. As some of these applications and technologies belong to different disciplines, the material presented in this paper attempts to bridge these to provide a broad overview, which can be of help to researchers and developers in understanding how advanced sensing can play a role in smart cities.
497 citations
Cites methods from "Performance analysis of an LTE gate..."
...The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is an application layer protocol, specifically for energy constrained devices, described in [40]....
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01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: The semantic annotation of the sensors in Cloud is browses, and innovative services can be implemented and considered by bridging Cloud of Things (CoT) and IoT, and the smart city vision is surveyed.
Abstract: Smart City represents one of the most promising, prominent and challenging Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In the last few years, indeed, the smart city concept has played an important role in academic and industry fields, with the development and deployment of various middleware platforms and IoT-based infrastructures. However, this expansion has followed distinct approaches creating, therefore, a fragmented scenario, in which different IoT ecosystems are not able to communicate between them. To fill this gap, there is a need to re-visit the smart city IoT semantic and offer a global common approach. To this purpose, this paper browses the semantic annotation of the sensors in the cloud, and innovative services can be implemented and considered by bridging Cloud and Internet of Things. Things-like semantic will be considered to perform the aggregation of heterogeneous resources by defining the Cloud of Things (CoT) paradigm. We survey the smart city vision, providing information on the main requirements and highlighting the benefits of integrating different IoT ecosystems within the cloud under this new CoT vision. This paper also discusses relevant challenges in this research area.
248 citations
Cites background or methods from "Performance analysis of an LTE gate..."
...sensors) are provided by IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (LoWPAN) [24] and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [25]....
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...CoAP [25] is an application layer protocol designed for energy constrained devices....
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06 Mar 2014
TL;DR: An innovative Internet of Things (IoT) architecture that allows real time interaction between mobile clients and smart/legacy things (sensors and actuators) via a wireless gateway is proposed.
Abstract: This paper proposes an innovative Internet of Things (IoT) architecture that allows real time interaction between mobile clients and smart/legacy things (sensors and actuators) via a wireless gateway. The novel services provided are: (i) dynamic discovery of M2M device and endpoints by the clients, (ii) managing connection with non-smart things connected over modbus, (iii) associate metadata to sensor and actuator measurements using Sensor Markup Language (SenML) representation and (iv) extending the current capabilities of SenML to support actuator control from mobile clients. These clients are equipped with an end-user application that initiates the discovery phase to learn about the devices and endpoints (sensors and actuators) connected to the wireless gateway. Then the user can select desired sensors to receive and display sensor metadata and control actuators from the mobile device. Prototypes of the mobile application and the wireless gateway have been implemented to validate the entire architecture. The gateway is implemented using RESTful web services and currently runs in a Google App Engine. Two real life scenarios are discussed that can be implemented using the architecture. Finally overall contributions and future research scopes are summarized.
221 citations
11 Aug 2014
TL;DR: The semantic annotation of the sensors in the cloud is browses, and innovative services can be implemented and considered by bridging Clouds and IoT, by defining the Clouds of Things (CoT) paradigm.
Abstract: Smart City represents one of the most promising and prominent Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In the last few years, smart city concept has played an important role in academic and industry fields, with the development and deployment of various middleware platforms. However, this expansion has followed distinct approaches creating a fragmented scenario, in which different IoT ecosystems are not able to communicate between them. To fill this gap, there is a need to revisit the smart city IoT semantic and offer a global common approach. To this purpose, this paper browses the semantic annotation of the sensors in the cloud, and innovative services can be implemented and considered by bridging Clouds and IoT. Things-like semantic will be considered to perform the aggregation of heterogeneous resources by defining the Clouds of Things (CoT) paradigm. We survey the smart city vision, providing information on the main requirements and highlighting the benefits of integrating different IoT ecosystems within the cloud under this new CoT vision and discuss relevant challenges in this research area.
123 citations
Cites background or methods from "Performance analysis of an LTE gate..."
...CoAP [15] is an application layer protocol designed for energy constrained devices....
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...sensors) are provided by 6LoWPAN [18] and CoAP [15]....
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TL;DR: This work focuses on IoT intrinsic vulnerabilities and their implications to the fundamental information security challenges in confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is intended for ubiquitous connectivity among different entities or "things". While its purpose is to provide effective and efficient solutions, security of the devices and network is a challenging issue. The number of devices connected along with the ad-hoc nature of the system further exacerbates the situation. Therefore, security and privacy has emerged as a significant challenge for the IoT. In this paper,we aim to provide a thorough survey related to the privacy and security challenges of the IoT. This document addresses these challenges from the perspective of technologies and architecture used. This work focuses also in IoT intrinsic vulnerabilities as well as the security challenges of various layers based on the security principles of data confidentiality, integrity and availability. This survey analyzes articles published for the IoT at the time and relates it to the security conjuncture of the field and its projection to the future.
121 citations
Cites background from "Performance analysis of an LTE gate..."
...usually Long Term Evolution (LTE) devices are chosen to fulfill that purpose based on bandwidth, coverage and spectrum efficiency [33]....
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References
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05 Jun 2011
TL;DR: This paper presents the TinyOS design and implementation of two components that will play a fundamental role in the communication stack of REST-based devices, and focuses on the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), which allows REST--based communications among applications residing in distributed and networked embedded systems.
Abstract: According to the Internet of Things (IoT) vision, everyday objects such as domestic appliances, actuators and embedded systems of any kind in the near future will be connected with each other and with the Internet. These will form a distributed network with sensing capabilities that will allow unprecedented market opportunities, spurring new services, including energy monitoring and control of homes, buildings, industrial processes and so forth. In this paper, we concentrate on the actual implementation of the communication technology, adopting the Representational State Transfer (REST) approach. REST only relies on the HTTP methods such as GET and POST. Embedded communication devices are addressed using Universal Resource Indicators (URI) and data is exchanged through standard XML. We present our TinyOS design and implementation of two components that will play a fundamental role in the communication stack of REST-based devices. First, we focus on the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), which allows REST--based communications among applications residing in distributed and networked embedded systems. Second, we present our lightweight implementation of a EXI library: an efficient binary compressor for XML data files. Experimental results are provided in terms of compression, decoding (EXI) and access time (CoAP) performance.
150 citations
04 Oct 2010
TL;DR: Some of the considerations of the network side improvements are presented, from the physical layer, MAC to core network.
Abstract: Wireless equipped machines are increasing greatly in recent years, among which the cellular network based machine-to-machine communication (M2M) has shown the advantages of better coverage and lower network deployment cost However, the current cellular network is designed for human-to-human communication, targeting the voice/media transmission with low access delay and high throughput, so the machines in GSM and UMTS are designed like a screenless phone To extend the market to machine type communication, it is envisaged that the specific optimizations for M2M will be introduced in LTE-A, especially when M2M communication accounts for the considerable part in the total networking activities In this paper, some of the considerations of the network side improvements are presented, from the physical layer, MAC to core network
137 citations
"Performance analysis of an LTE gate..." refers background in this paper
...…it is not efficient to use smart objects as User Equipments (UE), as recognized by both research studies, e.g., [7], and the 3GPP itself, which in fact is carrying out initiatives to natively support the so-called Machine-Type Communication (MTC) in future evolutions of the LTE, likely…...
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17 Oct 2011
TL;DR: This work describes the prototype design and development of a Web platform which integrates a REST/CoAP WSN withA REST/HTTP Web application and allows a user to visualize WSN measurements in the Web browser and provide transparent cross-protocol resource access by means of an HTTP-CoAP proxy.
Abstract: The use of Internet Protocol (IP) technology in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a key prerequisite for the realization of the Internet of Things (IoT) vision. The IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) standard enables the use of IPv6 in networks of constrained devices. 6LowPAN enables the use of Service Oriented Architectures (SOAs) in WSN. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has defined the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), a web transfer protocol which provides several Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) functionalities, re-designed for constrained embedded devices. CoAP allows WSN applications to be built on top of Representational State Transfer (REST) architectures. This considerably eases the IoT application development and facilitates the integration of constrained devices with the Web. This work describes the prototype design and development of a Web platform which integrates a REST/CoAP WSN with a REST/HTTP Web application and allows a user to visualize WSN measurements in the Web browser. Since the WSN Web integration relies on a non-transparent gateway/server, we also show how to provide transparent cross-protocol resource access by means of an HTTP-CoAP proxy. The paper describes the major building blocks, functionalities and the implementation approach.
94 citations
TL;DR: The proposed unified simulation methodology and the general simulation platform can be used to evaluate the performance of multiple mobile communication systems fairly and it is shown that the LTE system exhibits better performance than Mobile WiMAX.
Abstract: System-level simulation has been widely used to evaluate the comprehensive performance of different mobile cellular systems. System-level simulation methodologies for different systems have been discussed by different organizations and institutions. However, the framework for a unified simulation methodology and platform has not been established. In this article, we propose a general unified simulation methodology for different cellular systems. Both the design of the simulation structure and the establishment of the simulation platform are studied. Meanwhile, the unified modeling and the realization of various modules related to the system-level simulation are presented. The proposed unified simulation methodology and the general simulation platform can be used to evaluate the performance of multiple mobile communication systems fairly. Finally, the overall performance of LTE and Mobile WiMAX systems is evaluated through the proposed framework. The key simulation results for both Full Buffer and VoIP traffics are presented and discussed. It is shown that the LTE system exhibits better performance than Mobile WiMAX.
77 citations
TL;DR: The video, flay-rate pricing, and connected devices that all contribute to the growing demand for mobile data services are presented.
Abstract: LTE is popularly called a 4G technology. It is an all-IP technology based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), which is more spectrally efficient - meaning it can deliver more bits per Hertz. This paper present the video, flay-rate pricing, and connected devices that all contribute to the growing demand for mobile data services. The world of telecommunications, people today are more connected and more mobile than ever. We have more devices and more ways to stay in touch with one another. The Internet and wireline worlds are experiencing a rapid convergence of IP video, audio, and data into completely new applications. Users want that same on-demand access and Internet, multimedia experience, and content anywhere from any device.
64 citations
"Performance analysis of an LTE gate..." refers background in this paper
...Long Term Evolution (LTE) Release 8, is a mature technology defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for mobile Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) [5] which is being deployed in hundreds of networks around the world, with regional or national coverage [6]....
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