Performance and emissions characteristics of aqueous alcohol fumes in a DI diesel engine
01 Aug 1981-
TL;DR: In this article, a single cylinder DI Diesel engine was fumigated with ethanol and methanol in amounts up to 55% of the total fuel energy, and the effects of aqueous alcohol fumigation on engine thermal efficiency, combustion intensity and gaseous exhaust emissions were determined.
Abstract: A single cylinder DI Diesel engine was fumigated with ethanol and methanol in amounts up to 55% of the total fuel energy. The effects of aqueous alcohol fumigation on engine thermal efficiency, combustion intensity and gaseous exhaust emissions were determined. Assessment of changes in the biological activity of raw particulate and its soluble organic fraction were also made using the Salmonella typhimurium test. Alcohol fumigation improved thermal efficiency slightly at moderate and heavy loads, but increased ignition delay at all operating conditions. Carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emission generally increased with alcohol fumigation and showed no dependence on alcohol type or quality. Oxide of nitrogen emission showed a strong dependence on alcohol quality; relative emission levels decreased with increasing water content of the fumigant. Particulate mass loading rates were lower for ethanol fueled conditions. However, the biological activity of both the raw particulate and its soluble organic fraction was enhanced by ethanol fumigation at most operating conditions.
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01 Oct 1981
56 citations
31 Oct 1983
TL;DR: In this article, a single-cylinder, 0.36 liter, D.I. Diesel engine was operated on Diesel fuel, sunflowerseed oil, cottonseed oils, soybean oil, and peanut oil.
Abstract: A single-cylinder, 0.36 liter, D.I. Diesel engine was operated on Diesel fuel, sunflowerseed oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed comparison of performance and emissions data and to characterize the biological activity of the particulate soluble organic fraction for each fuel using the Ames Salmonella typhimurium test. In addition, exhaust gas aldehyde samples were collected using the DNPH method. These samples were analyzed gravimetrically and separated into components from formaldehyde to heptaldehyde with a gas chromatograph. Results comparing the vegetable oils to Diesel fuel generally show slight improvements in thermal efficiency and indicated specific energy consumption; equal or higher gas-phase emissions; lower indicated specific revertant emissions; and significantly higher aldehyde emissions, including an increased percentage of formaldehyde.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a moteur diesel monocylindre de different carburants derives du charbon et du schiste from a carburant and a charbon.
Abstract: Essais sur un moteur diesel monocylindre de differents carburants derives du charbon et du schiste
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared fuel efficiency, pressure development history, gas phase emissions, and particulate biological activity for several non-petroleum-based fuels with a standard number two diesel fuel oil baseline.
Abstract: Results comparing fuel efficiency, pressure development history, gas phase emissions, and particulate biological activity for several nonpetroleum-based fuels with a standard number two diesel fuel oil baseline are presented. In addition, a correlation based on ignition delay is presented which appears to more reliably reflect the combustion performance for these nonpetroleum fuels than does the cetane index. In this single-cylinder engine study, it was found that none of the fuels investigated showed a marked difference in fuel efficiency when compared to diesel fuel oil. The same was not generally true for the exhaust emissions, where differences were found in the gas-phase as well as the particulate emissions. Most notable were the changes in the oxides of nitrogen and in the particulate generation rates. The oxides of nitrogen were fuel dependent as was the mass rate of particulate production and its soluble organic fraction. For each fuel, the mass rate of particulate generated turned out to be linearly dependent on the rate of fuel consumption.
2 citations
01 May 1984
TL;DR: In this article, performance and emission data are collected for various candidate alternate fuels and compare these data to that for a certified petroleum based number two Diesel fuel oil, and the results for methanol, ethanol, four vegetable oils, two shale derived oils, and two coal derived oils are reported.
Abstract: Performance and emission data are collected for various candidate alternate fuels and compare these data to that for a certified petroleum based number two Diesel fuel oil. Results for methanol, ethanol, four vegetable oils, two shale derived oils, and two coal derived oils are reported. Alcohol fumigation does not appear to be a practical method for utilizing low combustion quality fuels in a Diesel engine. Alcohol fumigation enhances the bioactivity of the emitted exhaust particles. While it is possible to inject many synthetic fuels using the engine stock injection system, wholly acceptable performance is only obtained from a fuel whose specifications closely approach those of a finished petroleum based Diesel oil. This is illustrated by the contrast between the poor performance of the unupgraded coal derived fuel blends and the very good performance of the fully refined shale derived fuel.
References
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Book•
01 Jun 1973
292 citations
"Performance and emissions character..." refers background in this paper
...However, this does not necessarily imply that audible knock must be occurring (35)....
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...It is apparent then that the vapor pressure of a multiconstituent liquid fuel depends upon the extent of vaporization - upon the vapor volume (35)....
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...Simply stated, fuel combusted in the absence of sufficient oxygen forms soot which does not contact sufficient oxidizer until the temperature has been reduced below the level for combustion (35)....
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...lIouser (33), Obert (35), and Yost (36»...
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...Obert (35) and Yost (36» Ethanol Methanol No....
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Book•
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this article, critical evaluated data are presented on the thermodynamic properties and certain physical properties of monohydroxy aliphatic alcohols, which include refractive index, density, vapor pressure, phase transitions, heat capacity, properties of the saturated real gas and the ideal gas.
Abstract: : Critically evaluated data are presented on the thermodynamic properties and certain physical properties of the monohydroxy aliphatic alcohols. Properties studied include refractive index, density, vapor pressure, phase transitions, heat capacity, properties of the saturated real gas and the ideal gas, properties of standard states at 25 C, and critical properties to the extent that these have been measured. Data are given for 722 alcohols in the carbon range of C1 to C50. (Author)
96 citations
01 Feb 1979
TL;DR: An economical and abundant feedstock for methanol manufacture is North Dakota lignite as mentioned in this paper, but the cost of energy from the produced methanols is about twice that from gasoline at 1979 prices.
Abstract: An economical and abundant feedstock for methanol manufacture is North Dakota lignite. In a plant consuming lignite and self-sufficient in utilities, energy in the methanol would represent about 45% of the energy in the feedstock. The cost of energy from the methanol produced would be about twice that from gasoline at 1979 prices. Liquefaction of lignite or coal to a synthetic crude with subsequent refining by conventional processes would provide motor fuel at somewhat higher energy efficiency and lower cost than by methanol synthesis. Municipal solid wastes could also be used as feedstock for methanol manufacture, but the cost would be even higher than with lignite as feedstock. The lowest cost and most abundant feedstock for ethanol manufacture is corn. With current farming and ethanol manufacturing practices, energy in the ethanol plus that in the byproducts is only about 55% of the energy in the petroleum fuels consumed. If the ethanol plant used only nonpetroleum fuels, the efficiency based on just the petroleum fuels used in farming and collection of wastes would range from 130 to 160%; overall efficiency would remain at 55% or less. Energy in the byproducts represents about 40% of the energy output. The cost of energymore » from the ethanol produced would be at least four times that from gasoline. While both methanol and ethanol have characteristics that complicate distribution and detract from product quality, poor energy yield and high cost are the most serious deterrents to commercialization of either alcohol. Methanol is definitely preferred, but neither represents a practical alternative unless the price of petroleum-based fuels rises markedly relative to that of the alcohols.« less
64 citations
"Performance and emissions character..." refers background in this paper
...strains of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (1,2,3)....
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...Thus, a sound economic base is created for an often ailing and unstable farm community (3)....
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...Current (1979) costs for methanol production from this source are estimated to be approximately twice that of gasoline (3)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1968
59 citations
"Performance and emissions character..." refers background in this paper
...Due to the formation of azeotropic bonds with water, an additional processing step beyond distillation is necessary to obtain 200 proof ethanol (7)....
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...In the fermentation process, a decomposition is brought about by enzymes on sugar solutions or saccharafied mashes of starch containing materials such as grains and grasses (7)....
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01 Feb 1975
TL;DR: The authors showed that methanol is not a useful fuel additive for existing unmodified cars and could be used effectively in special vehicles designed to handle the corrosion, water absorption, and vaporization characteristics.
Abstract: Laboratory and road tests showed methanol to be an effective octane booster Adding 10% methanol to unleaded gasoline raised the road octane 2 to 3 numbers However, sinificant deterioration in driveability tests occurred because of methanol's leaning effect The water sensitivity of methanol/gasoline requires a separate fuel distribution system Fuel storage in a vehicle must be protected from water absorption Corrosion and degradation problems occur in the vehicle fuel system where methanol/gasoline mixtures contact lead, magnesium, aluminum, and some plastics Methanol burned more efficiently under lean conditions than gasoline However, the cold start problems require a separate starting fuel Methanol is not a useful fuel additive for existing unmodified cars Methanol could be used effectively in special vehicles designed to handle the corrosion, water absorption, and vaporization characteristics The cost of manufacture and distribution in a separate system that overcomes the water sensitivity problem will determine the extent of methanol's use as a vehicular fuel
50 citations