Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine using waste plastic oil
TL;DR: In this article, the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled DI diesel engine run with waste plastic oil was investigated. And the experimental results have showed a stable performance with brake thermal efficiency similar to that of diesel.
Abstract: Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand waste plastic pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. Plastics have now become indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. In this context, waste plastic solid is currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. In the present work, waste plastic oil was used as an alternate fuel in a DI diesel engine without any modification. The present investigation was to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled DI diesel engine run with waste plastic oil. The experimental results have showed a stable performance with brake thermal efficiency similar to that of diesel. Carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbon were marginally higher than that of the diesel baseline. The toxic gas carbon monoxide emission of waste plastic oil was higher than diesel. Smoke reduced by about 40% to 50% in waste plastic oil at all loads.
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TL;DR: In this article, the effect of injection timing along with engine operating parameters in Jatropha biodiesel engine is investigated, where the authors focused on the experimental investigation of the influence of the injection timing, load torque, and engine speed on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the engine.
Abstract: The study of effect of injection timing along with engine operating parameters in Jatropha biodiesel engine is important as they significantly affect its performance and emissions. The present paper focuses on the experimental investigation of the influence of injection timing, load torque and engine speed on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Jatropha biodiesel engine. For this purpose, the experiments were conducted using full factorial design consisting of (3(3)) with 27 runs for each fuel, diesel and Jatropha biodiesel. The effect of variation of above three parameters on brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), peak cylinder pressure (P(max)), maximum heat release rate (HRR(max)), CO, HC, NO emissions and smoke density were investigated. It has been observed that advance in injection timing from factory settings caused reduction in BSFC, CO, HC and smoke levels and increase in BTE, P(max), HRR(max) and NO emission with Jatropha biodiesel operation. However, retarded injection timing caused effects in the other way. At 15 N m load torque, 1800 rpm engine speed and 340 crank angle degree (CAD) injection timing, the percentage reduction in BSFC, CO, HC and smoke levels were 5.1%, 2.5%, 1.2% and 1.5% respectively. Similarly the percentage increase in BTE, P(max), HRR(max) and NO emission at this injection timing, load and speed were 5.3%, 1.8%, 26% and 20% respectively. The best injection timing for Jatropha biodiesel operation with minimum BSFC, CO, HC and smoke and with maximum BTE, P(max), HRR(max) is found to be 340 CAD. Nevertheless, minimum NO emission yielded an optimum injection timing of 350 CAD. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
296 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance and emission of biodiesel from different feedstock was analyzed and the results of the study showed that different chemical compositions of different biodiesel based upon their origin lead to variation in their properties and performance and emissions characteristics.
Abstract: Alarming situation of world energy stimulated the researchers to look for new sources of fuel, which must be renewable, locally available and environmentally benign In this regard, the significance of biodiesel as technically and commercially viable alternative to fossil-diesel has led to intense research in the field Biodiesel is made from different feedstock depending on the availability This paper analyzes the performance and emission of biodiesel from different feedstock The main advantage of biodiesel is that it potentially reduces the key pollutants, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate matters While several researchers have looked at the impact of biodiesel on these pollutants, only few publications discussed the effect of fatty acid composition on performance and emission characteristics An attempt has been carried out to discuss the effect of biodiesel in terms of performance and emissions based upon composition and properties of the respective biodiesel The results of the study show that different chemical compositions of biodiesel based upon their origin lead to variation in their properties and performance and emission characteristics Biodiesel produced from saturated feedstock reduce NOx emission and resistive to oxidation but exhibit poor atomization However, many further research needs to be carried out to understand the relationship between the type of biodiesel feedstock and performance and emission
229 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined four regulated emissions: nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and smoke, and four typical unregulated emissions: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and toluene.
Abstract: In this study, regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions with petroleum diesel fuel and Jatropha-based biodiesel blends at proportions of 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 100% (v/v) have been investigated. This study examines four regulated emissions: nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and smoke, and four typical unregulated emissions: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and toluene. The biodiesel shows no obvious NOx emission difference from the pure diesel fuel at low and medium engine loads. Biodiesel blend ratios have little effect on the NO/NOx ratio at medium and high engine loads. The CO emission of biodiesel increases at low engine loads. The HC emissions show a continuous reduction with increasing biodiesel blend ratios. There is a good correlation between smoke reduction and the ratio of the biodiesel blends. The addition of biodiesel fuel increases formaldehyde emission. Compared to the pure diesel fuel, the acetaldehyde emission of B5 fuel is higher. The acetaldehyde emission of the B100 fuel is lower than the pure diesel fuel at low and middle engine loads. The acetone emission of biodiesel, from B5 to B100, is higher than the pure diesel fuel. The higher biodiesel blend ratio the fuel has, the lower toluene emission the engine has.
221 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a four-cylinder direct injection diesel engine running at various blends of plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel was tested and compared with diesel fuel operation.
Abstract: Plastic waste is an ideal source of energy due to its high heating value and abundance. It can be converted into oil through the pyrolysis process and utilised in internal combustion engines to produce power and heat. In the present work, plastic pyrolysis oil is manufactured via a fast pyrolysis process using a feedstock consisting of different types of plastic. The oil was analysed and it was found that its properties are similar to diesel fuel. The plastic pyrolysis oil was tested on a four-cylinder direct injection diesel engine running at various blends of plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel from 0% to 100% at different engine loads from 25% to 100%. The engine combustion characteristics, performance and exhaust emissions were analysed and compared with diesel fuel operation. The results showed that the engine is able to run on plastic pyrolysis oil at high loads presenting similar performance to diesel while at lower loads the longer ignition delay period causes stability issues. The brake thermal efficiency for plastic pyrolysis oil at full load was slightly lower than diesel, but NOX emissions were considerably higher. The results suggested that the plastic pyrolysis oil is a promising alternative fuel for certain engine application at certain operation conditions.
199 citations
Cites background from "Performance, emission and combustio..."
...However, the core research has been focused on the use of PPO in blends with diesel in a single-cylinder diesel engines [2,9-13]....
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...In recent years, despite many environmentally friendly ways being developed in order to recycle the waste plastics, millions of tonnes are dumped everyday instead of being recycled [2]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the performance and emission analysis of blends of waste plastic oil obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of waste high-density polyethylene with diesel in a CI engine with varying loads is presented.
Abstract: Compression ignition engines have proved to be the best option in heavy duty applications like transportation and power generation, but rapid depleting sources of conventional fossil fuels, their rising prices and ever increasing environmental issues are the major concerns. The present study deals with performance and emission analysis of blends of waste plastic oil obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of waste high-density polyethylene with diesel in a CI engine with varying loads. The experimental results show that the brake thermal efficiencies at all load conditions are lower as compared to that of diesel fuel, exhaust gas temperature increases with increase in engine load. The BSFC increases with increase in WPO blend ratio and decreases with increase in engine load. Mechanical efficiency increases with increasing brake power for all fuel blends. The NOx emission and CO emission increase with increase in percentage of waste plastic oil in blends, NOx emission decreases while CO emission increases with increase in engine load. The unburnt hydrocarbon emission decreases with increase in the engine load and increases with increase in percentage of waste plastic oil in blends. The carbon dioxide emission for the blends is lower than diesel for almost all loads and all blends.
195 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe real engine flow and combustion processes, as well as engine operating characteristics and their operation, including engine design and operating parameters, engine characteristics, and operating characteristics.
Abstract: 1 Engine Types and Their Operations 2 Engine Design and Operating Parameters 3 Thermochemistry of Fuel-Air Mixtures 4 Properties of Working Fluids 5 Ideal Models of Engine Cycles 6 Gas Exchange Processes 7 SI Engine Fuel Metering and Manifold Phenomena 8 Charge Motion within the Cylinder 9 Combustion in Ignition Engines 10 Combustion in Compression Ignition Engines 11 Pollutant Formation and Control 12 Engine Heat Transfer 13 Engine Friction and Lubrication 14 Modeling Real Engine Flow and Combustion Processes 15 Engine Operating Characteristics Appendixes
14,372 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to emphasise the importance of measure as well as possible, the last stage of the biodegradation, in order to certify the integration of new materials into the biogeochemical cycles.
Abstract: Within the frame of the sustainable development, new materials are being conceived in order to increase their biodegradability properties. Biodegradation is considered to take place throughout three stages: biodeterioration, biofragmentation and assimilation, without neglect the participation of abiotic factors. However, most of the techniques used by researchers in this area are inadequate to provide evidence of the final stage: assimilation. In this review, we describe the different stages of biodegradation and we state several techniques used by some authors working in this domain. Validate assimilation (including mineralisation) is an important aspect to guarantee the real biodegradability of items of consumption (in particular friendly environmental new materials). The aim of this review is to emphasise the importance of measure as well as possible, the last stage of the biodegradation, in order to certify the integration of new materials into the biogeochemical cycles. Finally, we give a perspective to use the natural labelling of stable isotopes in the environment, by means of a new methodology based on the isotopic fractionation to validate assimilation by microorganisms.
911 citations
Book•
30 Jun 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on weatherability of polyethylene were investigated, and the degradation and stabilization of polyproplylene was discussed. Andrady et al.
Abstract: Part 1 General topics: radiation degradation and stabilization of polyproplylene, Sei-ichi Nishimoto and Tsutomo Kagiya possible effects of stratospheric ozone depletion on weatherability of plastics, Anthony L. Andrady and S. Halim Hamid chemical degradation, Anand Kumar Kulshreshtha degradation of polymer blends, Francesco Paolo La Mantia natural and artificial weathering of polymers, Musa R. Kamal and Bing Huang photoinduced degradation of polymers, Zenjiro Osawa weathering degradation of polyethylene, S. Halim Hamid et al aspects of polymer stabilization, Alfonso J. Chirinos-Padron and Norman S. Allen synergistic stabilization of polymers, Shin-ichi Yachigo. Part 2 Degradability: degradable plastics, Hideki Omichi biodegradation of polymers, Ann-Christine Albertsson starch-based degradable plastics, Wayne J. Maddever controlled degradation of plastics - environmental toxicology, Robert S. Ennis. Part 3 Specialized topics: aspects of greenhouse film stabilization, Frank Henninger degradation of polymers in geomembranes and geotextiles, Arthur Richard Horrocks and Jennifer A. D'Souza degradation and stabilization of polymeric coating materials, George Mills polymer degradation in medical applications, A.F. Azhar and A.M. Usmani polymer degradation in insulation of high-voltage transmission systems, Mohammad Akbar biodegradability of biomedical polymers, Roger E. Marchant.
413 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a car tyre was pyrolysed under nitrogen in a 3.5 dm3 autoclave at 300°C, 400°C and 600°C. No significant influence of temperature on the amount and characteristics of pyrolysis products over 500°C was observed.
Abstract: Cross-section samples (2–3 cm wide), representative of a whole car tyre, have been pyrolysed under nitrogen in a 3.5 dm3 autoclave at 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C and 700°C. The whole solid, liquid and gaseous products generated during each pyrolysis were collected and characterised. No significant influence of temperature on the amount and characteristics of pyrolysis products was observed over 500°C. Tyre-pyrolysis liquids are a complex mixture of C5–C20 organic compounds, with a great proportion of aromatics. They have high gross calorific values, GCV (∼42 MJ kg−1) and N and S contents (0.4% and 1.2%, respectively) within those specified for certain heating fuels. About 30 wt.% of such liquids is an easily distillable fraction with boiling points (70–210°C) in the range of commercial petrol, and about 60 wt.% of them have the boiling point range (150–370°C) typical of diesel oil. Pyrolysis gases are composed of hydrocarbons of which C1 and C4 are predominant, together with some CO, CO2 and SH2; they have very high gross calorific values (68–84 MJ m−3). Tyre-pyrolysis residues have equal dimensions as the original tyre portion and are easily disintegrable into black powder and steel cords. The black powder has surface areas comparable to those of commercial carbon blacks, but it has a great proportion of ash and impurities (∼12 wt.%), which are the inorganic fillers added to tyre rubber; it may have a potential use as semireinforcing or nonreinforcing carbon black.
382 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the pyrolysis of mixed-plastic waste has been proposed as a means of recycling to produce petrochemical feedstock, and the interaction of the main plastic types in plastic mixtures is significant in predicting the likely yield and composition of products from different plastic mixture.
Abstract: The pyrolysis of mixed-plastic waste has been proposed as a means of recycling to produce petrochemical feedstock. The interaction of the main plastic types in plastic mixtures is significant in predicting the likely yield and composition of products from different plastic mixtures. The six main plastics in municipal solid waste are high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). Each of the plastics was pyrolyzed individually in a fixed-bed reactor heated at 25 °C min-1 to a final temperature of 700 °C. Polystyrene was then mixed with each of the other five plastics in a ratio of 1:1 and pyrolyzed in the fixed-bed reactor under the same pyrolysis conditions. The yield and composition of the derived oil/wax and gases was determined. The main gases produced from the individual plastics were hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, butane, and butene and for the PET plasti...
276 citations