Performance of the Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) on Vegetable Residue-Based Diets Formulated Based on Protein and Carbohydrate Contents
14 Dec 2018-Journal of Economic Entomology (Entomological Society of America)-Vol. 111, Iss: 6, pp 2676-2683
TL;DR: All diets supported a higher larval performance than reported previously, with diet 4 having 47% P+C being the best performing diet, infer that not only total macronutrient content but also nutritional quality of proteins and carbohydrates affected performance.
Abstract: The black soldier fly [Hermetia illucens L (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)] can be sustainably reared on organic waste streams and thereby provide a novel animal protein source for animal feed Black soldier fly's performance and body composition depend to a large extent on the nutrient composition of the waste stream Black soldier fly larvae were fed on four diets consisting of vegetable by-products from the food industry All four diets contained dried distiller's grains with solubles plus one or two other main ingredients; for diet 1 the additional ingredient was grape pulp; diet 2: potato peels; diet 3: bean seeds; and diet 4: cabbage leaves plus old bread The diets were formulated based on an optimal summed protein and carbohydrate (P+C) concentration resulting from previous experiments and a 1:2 protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio We quantified both larval and adult performance Diet 4 was the best performing vegetable waste-based diet In a follow-up experiment, we re-formulated diet 4 to have P:C ratios of 1:2 or 1:3 and 40 or 47% dry matter of P+C In the first experiment, although there were differences in larval performance among the diets, all diets supported a higher larval performance than reported previously, with diet 4 having 47% P+C being the best performing diet We infer that not only total macronutrient content but also nutritional quality of proteins and carbohydrates affected performance In the second experiment, the two vegetable residue-based larval diets resulted in similar larval and adult performance High dietary protein resulted in increases in larval crude fat content
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TL;DR: B baseline knowledge and guidance is provided on how BSFL treatment facilities may systematically operate using biowastes of varying types and compositions and variability in performance was higher than expected for the formulations.
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of the many methods proposed in this review, localized technology improvement and globalized sustainable intensification are of high impact models having the potential of mitigating greenhouse gases up to an extent of 30%.
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TL;DR: The aim of the present study was to exploit the potential of BSF prepupae reared on vegetable leftovers with high seasonality, and to obtain compounds with high added value and further industrial and agronomic uses such as food/feed, soil improver or fuel.
47 citations
TL;DR: Findings provide important information to support the use of BSF larval meal as potential new source of nutrient‐rich and sustainable animal feed ingredients to substitute expensive and scarce protein sources such as fishmeal and soya bean meal.
Abstract: Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), bio-convert organic side streams into high-quality biomass, the composition of which largely depends on the side stream used. In the present study, BSF larvae were reared on feed substrates composed of dried brewers’ spent grains, each supplemented with either water, waste brewer’s yeast, or a mixture of waste brewer’s yeast and cane molasses to obtain 12 different substrates: barley/water, barley/yeast, barley/yeast/molasses, malted barley/water, malted barley/yeast, malted barley/yeast/molasses, malted corn/water, malted corn/yeast, malted corn/yeast/molasses, sorghum-barley/water, sorghum-barley/yeast, and sorghum-barley/yeast/molasses. The crude protein, fat, ash, and mineral contents of the BSF larvae fed each feed substrate were quantified by chemical analyses. The effect of substrate, supplementation, and their interaction on crude protein, fat, and ash contents of BSF larval body composition was significant. Calcium, phosphorus, and potassium were the most abundant macrominerals in the larvae and their concentrations differed significantly among substrates. These findings provide important information to support the use of BSF larval meal as potential new source of nutrient-rich and sustainable animal feed ingredients to substitute expensive and scarce protein sources such as fishmeal and soya bean meal.
43 citations
TL;DR: The larvae of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (also known as Black Soldier Fly) can be used for the eco-sustainable production of proteins and lipids with high biological and economic value as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The exponential increase of global demand for proteins and lipids can no longer be satisfied by classical sources. High amounts of CO2 produced by intensive livestock breeding and its effects on the environment are the main factors that prevent the use of animals as primary sources for proteins and lipids, calling for the use of new sustainable sources, such as insects. The massive breeding of bioconverter insects as a feed source has been a major topic in recent years, with both economic and scientific aspects related to rearing and subsequent processing optimization. The larvae of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (also known as Black Soldier Fly) can be used for the eco-sustainable production of proteins and lipids with high biological and economic value. Lipids can be obtained from BSF bioconversion processes and are present in high quantities in the last instar larvae and prepupae. Fats obtained from BSF are used as animal feed ingredients, in the formulation of several products for personal care, and in biodiesel production. To enable the use of insect-derived lipids, it is important to understand how to optimize their extraction. Here, we summarize the published information on the composition, the extraction methods, and the possible applications of the BSF lipid component.
35 citations
References
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TL;DR: The inducible chemicals, which can also occur constitutively, include such complex sub stances as antibiotics, alkaloids, and terpenes, as well as proteins such as enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, and lectins, which have provided interesting systems for studying inducibles plant defense.
Abstract: For several decades researchers have been studying the biosynthesis and regulation in plants of specific chemicals associated with defense against pests and pathogens. For years many of these chemicals were first considered to be "secondary plant compounds" with unknown functions. Many, if not most, of these "secondary compounds" are now considered to be defensive chemicals that are acting either alone or in concert to contribute to the resistances of plants against insects or pathogens (86,87, 118, 144, 150). These defensive chemicals are found as either constitutive components in various plant tissues (118, 144) or are synthesized in response to attacking pests or pathogens (7, 32,39,45,50,60,63,64,66, 74, 120, 144, 151, 178, 182). The inducible chemicals, which can also occur constitutively, include such complex sub stances as antibiotics, alkaloids, and terpenes, as well as proteins such as enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, and lectins. These chemicals have provided interesting systems for studying inducible plant defense. In various plants, they can be newly synthesized in response to pest and/or pathogen attacks, which generate interand intracellular signals to activate genes that code for their production. Many of these systems, therefore, are being studied to help further our fundamental knowledge about the biochemistry of signal genera-
1,547 citations
"Performance of the Black Soldier Fl..." refers background in this paper
...In addition, the content of protease inhibitors in bean seeds might affect black soldier fly larval growth as has been demonstrated for other insect species (Ryan 1990, Jongsma and Beekwilder 2011)....
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TL;DR: It is concluded that larvae of the black soldier fly are potentially capable of converting large amounts of organic waste into protein-rich biomass to substitute fishmeal, thereby contributing to sustainable aquaculture.
532 citations
TL;DR: Since protein content and quality were high and comparable for prepupae reared on different substrates, black soldier fly could be an interesting protein source for animal feeds, however, differences in EE and ash content as a function of substrate should be considered.
Abstract: BACKGROUND
Black soldier fly larvae are converters of organic waste into edible biomass, of which the composition may depend on the substrate. In this study, larvae were grown on four substrates: chicken feed, vegetable waste, biogas digestate, and restaurant waste. Samples of prepupae and substrates were freeze-dried and proximate, amino acid, fatty acid and mineral analyses were performed.
RESULTS
Protein content of prepupae varied between 399 and 431 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) among treatments. Differences in amino acid profile of prepupae were small. On the other hand, the ether extract (EE) and ash contents differed substantially. Prepupae reared on digestate were low in EE and high in ash (218 and 197 g kg−1 DM, respectively) compared to those reared on vegetable waste (371 and 96 g kg−1 DM, respectively), chicken feed (336 and 100 g kg−1 DM, respectively) and restaurant waste (386 and 27 g kg−1 DM, respectively). Prepupal fatty acid profiles were characterised by high levels of C12:0 in all treatments.
CONCLUSION
Since protein content and quality were high and comparable for prepupae reared on different substrates, black soldier fly could be an interesting protein source for animal feeds. However, differences in EE and ash content as a function of substrate should be considered. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
528 citations
TL;DR: Insects could form a sustainable alternative to conventional production animals as a source of feed or food and might therefore form a more sustainable food and/or feed source.
Abstract: A large part of the environmental impact of animal production systems is due to the production of feed. Insects are suggested to efficiently convert feed to body mass and might therefore form a more sustainable food and/or feed source. Four diets were composed from by-products of food manufacturing and formulated such as to vary in protein and fat content. These were offered to newly hatched Argentinean cockroaches, black soldier flies, yellow mealworms, and house crickets. The first two species are potentially interesting as a feed ingredient, while the latter two are considered edible for humans. Feed conversion efficiency, survival, development time, as well as chemical composition (nitrogen, phosphorus, and fatty acids), were determined. The Argentinean cockroaches and the black soldier flies converted feed more efficiently than yellow mealworms, and house crickets. The first two were also more efficient than conventional production animals. On three of the four diets yellow mealworms and house crickets had a feed conversion efficiency similar to pigs. Furthermore, on the most suitable diet, they converted their feed as efficiently as poultry, when corrected for edible portion. All four species had a higher nitrogen-efficiency than conventional production animals, when corrected for edible portion. Offering carrots to yellow mealworms increased dry matter- and nitrogen-efficiency and decreased development time. Diet affected survival in all species but black soldier flies, and development time was strongly influenced in all four species. The chemical composition of Argentinean cockroaches was highly variable between diets, for black soldier flies it remained similar. The investigated species can be considered efficient production animals when suitable diets are provided. Hence, they could form a sustainable alternative to conventional production animals as a source of feed or food.
504 citations
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