Performance study of low-power MAC protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks
17 Dec 2010-pp 112-116
TL;DR: Evaluation of the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols for a non-invasive WBAN shows that the improved IEEE 802-15-4 MAC protocol outperforms traditional IEEE802.15-15 MAC protocols in terms of energy consumption and delay.
Abstract: Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) allows the integration of low-power, miniaturized, intelligent, invasive or/and non-invasive wireless sensor nodes that are used to monitor the health status of a patient with real-time updates to a base-station/physician. Since multiple low-power sensor nodes are deployed in/on a human body, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols are required to share the channel efficiently and to control the dominant sources of energy waste. This paper evaluates the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols for a non-invasive WBAN. The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol is improved for low-rate applications by sending beacons according to the traffic rate. Performance results show that the improved IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol outperforms traditional IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols in terms of energy consumption and delay.
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01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: A new cross-layer communication protocol for WBANs: CICADA or Cascading Information retrieval by Controlling Access with Distributed slot Assignment, which offers low delay and good resilience to mobility.
Abstract: Wireless body area networks (WBANs) form a new and interesting area in the world of remote health monitoring. An important concern in such networks is the communication between the sensors. This communication needs to be energy efficient and highly reliable while keeping delays low. Mobility also has to be supported as the nodes are positioned on different parts of the body that move with regard to each other. In this paper, we present a new cross-layer communication protocol for WBANs: CICADA or Cascading Information retrieval by Controlling Access with Distributed slot Assignment. The protocol sets up a network tree in a distributed manner. This tree structure is subsequently used to guarantee collision free access to the medium and to route data towards the sink. The paper analyzes CICADA and shows simulation results. The protocol offers low delay and good resilience to mobility. The energy usage is low as the nodes can sleep in slots where they are not transmitting or receiving.
227 citations
TL;DR: This survey presents a comprehensive study on the applications scenarios, their context and specific requirements, and explores details of the key enabling standards, existing state-of-the-art research studies, and projects to understand their limitations before realizing aforementioned applications.
Abstract: In this survey a new application paradigm life and safety for critical operations and missions using wearable Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) technology is introduced. This paradigm has a vast scope of applications, including disaster management, worker safety in harsh environments such as roadside and building workers, mobile health monitoring, ambient assisted living and many more. It is often the case that during the critical operations and the target conditions, the existing infrastructure is either absent, damaged or overcrowded. In this context, it is envisioned that WBANs will enable the quick deployment of ad-hoc/on-the-fly communication networks to help save many lives and ensuring people's safety. However, to understand the applications more deeply and their specific characteristics and requirements, this survey presents a comprehensive study on the applications scenarios, their context and specific requirements. It explores details of the key enabling standards, existing state-of-the-art research studies, and projects to understand their limitations before realizing aforementioned applications. Application-specific challenges and issues are discussed comprehensively from various perspectives and future research and development directions are highlighted as an inspiration for new innovative solutions. To conclude, this survey opens up a good opportunity for companies and research centers to investigate old but still new problems, in the realm of wearable technologies, which are increasingly evolving and getting more and more attention recently.
170 citations
Cites background or methods from "Performance study of low-power MAC ..."
...Ullah [51] To optimize wake-up schedule of 802....
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...4 MAC protocol is present in [51], with an adjustment of the beacon traffic according to packet arrival rate....
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TL;DR: State of technology is presented, promising new trends, opportunities and challenges of body area networks for ubiquitous health monitoring applications are discussed and a new generation of personalized monitoring systems will allow users to customize their systems and user interfaces and to interact with their social networks.
Abstract: Body Area Networks integrated into mHealth systems are becoming a mature technology with unprecedented opportunities for personalized health monitoring and management. Potential applications include early detection of abnormal conditions, supervised rehabilitation, and wellness management. Such integrated mHealth systems can provide patients with increased confidence and a better quality of life, and promote healthy behavior and health awareness. Automatic integration of collected information and user's inputs into research databases can provide medical community with opportunity to search for personalized trends and group patterns, allowing insights into disease evolution, the rehabilitation process, and the effects of drug therapy. A new generation of personalized monitoring systems will allow users to customize their systems and user interfaces and to interact with their social networks. With emergence of first commercial body area network systems, a number of system design issues are still to be resolved, such as seamless integration of information and ad-hoc interaction with ambient sensors and other networks, to enable their wider acceptance. In this paper we present state of technology, discuss promising new trends, opportunities and challenges of body area networks for ubiquitous health monitoring applications.
165 citations
Cites background from "Performance study of low-power MAC ..."
...protocol much harder to implement and support in future versions [40]....
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TL;DR: A novel energy efficient traffic-aware dynamic (TAD) MAC protocol for WBASN that allows the wake-up interval to converge to a steady state for fixed and variable traffic rates, which results in optimized energy consumption.
Abstract: A wireless body area sensor network (WBASN) demands ultra low power and energy efficient protocols. Medium access control (MAC) layer plays a pivotal role for energy management in WBASN. Moreover, idle listening is the dominant energy waste in most of the MAC protocols. WBASN exhibits wide range of traffic variations based on different physiological data emanating from the monitored patient. For example, electrocardiogram data rate is multiple times more in comparison with body temperature rate. In this context, we propose a novel energy efficient traffic-aware dynamic (TAD) MAC protocol for WBASN. The protocol relies on dynamic adaptation of wake-up interval based on a traffic status register bank. The proposed technique allows the wake-up interval to converge to a steady state for fixed and variable traffic rates, which results in optimized energy consumption. A comparison with other energy efficient protocols for three different widely used radio chips i.e., cc2420, cc1000, and amis52100 is presented. The results show that TAD-MAC outperforms all the other protocols under fixed and variable traffic rates. Finally, life- time of a WBASN was estimated and found to be 3-6 times better than other protocols.
79 citations
Cites background from "Performance study of low-power MAC ..."
...Generally in these scenarios there is no requirement for large network; single-hop communications with star or clustered-based topologies are most popular in WBASN [5], [6]....
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...Similarly, [6] presents an improved IEEE....
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TL;DR: The aim of this paper is to identify and explore the new paradigm of MCS that is using smartphone for capturing and sharing the sensed data between many nodes and discusses the current challenges facing the collection methodologies of the participants’ data in task management.
Abstract: Mobile crowd-sensing (MCS) is a new sensing paradigm that takes advantage of the extensive use of mobile phones that collect data efficiently and enable several significant applications. MCS paves the way to explore new monitoring applications in different fields such as social networks, lifestyle, healthcare, green applications, and intelligent transportation systems. Hence, MCS applications make use of sensing and wireless communication capabilities provided by billions of smart mobile devices, e.g., Android and iOS-based mobile devices. The aim of this paper is to identify and explore the new paradigm of MCS that is using smartphone for capturing and sharing the sensed data between many nodes. We discuss the main components of the infrastructure required to support the proposed framework. The existing and potential applications leveraging MCS are laid out. Furthermore, this paper discusses the current challenges facing the collection methodologies of the participants’ data in task management. The recent issues in the MCS findings are reviewed as well as the opportunities and challenges in sensing methods are analyzed. Finally, open research issues and future challenges facing MCS are highlighted.
56 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: S-MAC as discussed by the authors is a medium access control protocol designed for wireless sensor networks, which uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration, including virtual clusters to auto-sync on sleep schedules.
Abstract: This paper proposes S-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol designed for wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices. A network of these devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring. We expect sensor networks to be deployed in an ad hoc fashion, with individual nodes remaining largely inactive for long periods of time, but then becoming suddenly active when something is detected. These characteristics of sensor networks and applications motivate a MAC that is different from traditional wireless MACs such as IEEE 802.11 in almost every way: energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals, while per-node fairness and latency are less important. S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration. To reduce energy consumption in listening to an idle channel, nodes periodically sleep. Neighboring nodes form virtual clusters to auto-synchronize on sleep schedules. Inspired by PAMAS, S-MAC also sets the radio to sleep during transmissions of other nodes. Unlike PAMAS, it only uses in-channel signaling. Finally, S-MAC applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network. We evaluate our implementation of S-MAC over a sample sensor node, the Mote, developed at University of California, Berkeley. The experiment results show that, on a source node, an 802.11-like MAC consumes 2–6 times more energy than S-MAC for traffic load with messages sent every 1–10s.
5,354 citations
07 Nov 2002
TL;DR: S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration, and applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network.
Abstract: This paper proposes S-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol designed for wireless sensor networks Wireless sensor networks use battery-operated computing and sensing devices A network of these devices will collaborate for a common application such as environmental monitoring We expect sensor networks to be deployed in an ad hoc fashion, with individual nodes remaining largely inactive for long periods of time, but then becoming suddenly active when something is detected These characteristics of sensor networks and applications motivate a MAC that is different from traditional wireless MACs such as IEEE 80211 in almost every way: energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals, while per-node fairness and latency are less important S-MAC uses three novel techniques to reduce energy consumption and support self-configuration To reduce energy consumption in listening to an idle channel, nodes periodically sleep Neighboring nodes form virtual clusters to auto-synchronize on sleep schedules Inspired by PAMAS, S-MAC also sets the radio to sleep during transmissions of other nodes Unlike PAMAS, it only uses in-channel signaling Finally, S-MAC applies message passing to reduce contention latency for sensor-network applications that require store-and-forward processing as data move through the network We evaluate our implementation of S-MAC over a sample sensor node, the Mote, developed at University of California, Berkeley The experiment results show that, on a source node, an 80211-like MAC consumes 2-6 times more energy than S-MAC for traffic load with messages sent every 1-10 s
5,117 citations
TL;DR: A multi-tier telemedicine system that performs real-time analysis of sensors' data, provides guidance and feedback to the user, and can generate warnings based on the user's state, level of activity, and environmental conditions is introduced.
Abstract: Background
Recent technological advances in integrated circuits, wireless communications, and physiological sensing allow miniature, lightweight, ultra-low power, intelligent monitoring devices. A number of these devices can be integrated into a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), a new enabling technology for health monitoring.
1,114 citations
"Performance study of low-power MAC ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...A system architecture of a WBAN is presented in [4] where the authors used a Zigbee/IEEE 802....
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...It can be used to develop a smart and affordable health care system and can be a part of diagnostic procedure, maintenance of chronic condition, supervised recovery from a surgical procedure and can be used to handle emergency events [4]....
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16 Jul 2004
TL;DR: The novelty in this protocol consists in exploiting the knowledge of the sampling schedule of one’s direct neighbors to use a wake-up preamble of minimized size, which allows not only to reduce the transmit and the receive power consumption, but also brings a drastic reduction of the energy wasted due to overhearing.
Abstract: WiseMAC is a medium access control protocol designed for wireless sensor networks. This protocol is based on non-persistent CSMA and uses the preamble sampling technique to minimize the power consumed when listening to an idle medium. The novelty in this protocol consists in exploiting the knowledge of the sampling schedule of one’s direct neighbors to use a wake-up preamble of minimized size. This scheme allows not only to reduce the transmit and the receive power consumption, but also brings a drastic reduction of the energy wasted due to overhearing. WiseMAC requires no set-up signalling, no network-wide synchronization and is adaptive to the traffic load. It presents an ultra-low power consumption in low traffic conditions and a high energy efficiency in high traffic conditions. The performance of the WiseMAC protocol is evaluated using simulations and mathematical analysis, and compared with S-MAC, T-MAC, CSMA/CA and an ideal protocol.
452 citations
Additional excerpts
...Using the table information, WiseMAC schedules transmission according to the sampling time of the destination node....
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...4 MAC [6], WiseMAC [7], and SMAC [8] protocols for a non-invasive WBAN in terms of energy consumption and delay....
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...2 shows the WiseMAC concept....
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...The performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols was presented for a non-invasive WBAN....
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...In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate some of the low-power MAC protocols (originally proposed for WSNs) such as IEEE 802.15.4 MAC [6], WiseMAC [7], and SMAC [8] protocols for a non-invasive WBAN in terms of energy consumption and delay....
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04 Oct 2004
TL;DR: The results show that when properly configured, 802.15.4 can be used for medical sensor networking when configured in non-beacon mode with low data rate asymmetric traffic, and Beacon mode may also be used, but with more severe restrictions on data rate and crystal tolerance.
Abstract: For the first time, this paper presents an analysis of the performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 low power, low data rate wireless standard in relation to medical sensor body area networks. This is an emerging application of wireless sensor networking with particular performance constraints, including power consumption, physical size, robustness and security. In the analysis presented, the star network configuration of the 802.15.4 standard at 2.4 GHz was considered for a body area network consisting of a wearable or desk mounted coordinator outside of the body with up to 10 body implanted sensors. The main consideration in this work was the long-term power consumption of devices, since for practical reasons, implanted medical devices and sensors must function for at least 10 to 15 years without battery replacement. The results show that when properly configured, 802.15.4 can be used for medical sensor networking when configured in non-beacon mode with low data rate asymmetric traffic. Beacon mode may also be used, but with more severe restrictions on data rate and crystal tolerance.
358 citations
Additional excerpts
...4 standard for low upload/download rates [15]....
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