Periodontal disease in pregnancy. i. prevalence and severity.
TL;DR: (1963).
Abstract: (1963). Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy I. Prevalence and Severity. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica: Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 533-551.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition was investigated in the context of pregnant women with Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy II (PDI II).
Abstract: (1964). Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy II. Correlation Between Oral Hygiene and Periodontal Condition. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 121-135.
7,017 citations
3,304 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that “periimplantitis” be regarded as a site specific infection which yields many features in common with chronic adult periodontitis.
Abstract: In this study the microbiota associated with oral endosteal titanium hollow cylinder implants (ITI) was studied using microscopic, immunochemical and cultural methods. Samples from 5 edentulous patients with successfully incorporated implants serving as abutments for overdentures for more than one year were compared with samples from 7 patients with clinically failing implants. Unsuccessful sites were characterized by pocket probing depths of 6 mm or more, suppuration and visible loss of alveolar bone around the implant as visualized on radiographs. These sites harbored a complex microbiota with a large proportion of Gram-negative anaerobic rods. Black-pigmented Bacteroides and Fusobacterium spp. were regularly found. Spirochetes, fusiform bacteria as well as motile and curved rods were a common feature in the darkfield microscopic specimens of these sites. Control sites in the same patients harbored small amounts of bacteria. The predominant morphotype was coccoid cells. Spirochetes were not present, fusiform bacteria, motile and curved rods were found infrequently and in low numbers. The microbiota in control sites in unsuccessful patients and in site in successful patients were very similar. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that “periimplantitis” be regarded as a site specific infection which yields many features in common with chronic adult periodontitis.
1,783 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current status of oral infections, especially periodontitis, as a causal factor for systemic diseases.
Abstract: Recently, it has been recognized that oral infection, especially periodontitis, may affect the course and pathogenesis of a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, and low birth weight. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current status of oral infections, especially periodontitis, as a causal factor for systemic diseases. Three mechanisms or pathways linking oral infections to secondary systemic effects have been proposed: (i) metastatic spread of infection from the oral cavity as a result of transient bacteremia, (ii) metastatic injury from the effects of circulating oral microbial toxins, and (iii) metastatic inflammation caused by immunological injury induced by oral microorganisms. Periodontitis as a major oral infection may affect the host9s susceptibility to systemic disease in three ways: by shared risk factors; subgingival biofilms acting as reservoirs of gram-negative bacteria; and the periodontium acting as a reservoir of inflammatory mediators. Proposed evidence and mechanisms of the above odontogenic systemic diseases are given.
986 citations
Cites background from "Periodontal disease in pregnancy. i..."
...Changes in hormone levels during pregnancy promote an inflammation termed pregnancy gingivitis (77)....
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TL;DR: It was found that mild gingivitis could be diagnosed clinically at approximately the same time as the complex flora was established and sub-clinical inflammation started much earlier, probably as a reaction to the first phases of plaque development.
Abstract: After 9–21 days without oral hygiene eleven experimental subjects with previously excellent oral hygiene and healthy gingivae developed heavy accumulations of plaque and generalized mild gingivitis. The individual rate of development of gingivitis was closely correlated with the rate of plaque accumulation. Characteristic bacteriological changes were revealed in the plaque along the gingival margin during this experiment. Initially, i.e. when the teeth were clean and the gingiva healthy, the extremely sparse plaque flora consisted almost exclusively of gram-positive cocci and rods. The first phase of plaque development occurred during the first 2 days without oral hygiene and consisted of a proliferation of the gram-positive cocci and rods and an addition of about 30 per cent gram-negative cocci and rods. During the second phase (after 1–4 days) fusobacteria and filaments appeared and increased until they each made up about seven per cent of the flora. During the third phase (after 4–9 days) the flora was supplemented with spirilla and spirochetes, and at the end of the period without oral hygiene each of these two groups of organisms accounted for about two per cent of the plaque flora. In specific areas the gingival condition was correlated with the composition of the plaque and it was found that mild gingivitis could be diagnosed clinically at approximately the same time as the complex flora was established. However, sub-clinical inflammation started much earlier, probably as a reaction to the first phases of plaque development. When oral hygiene was reinstituted, the plaque in most areas disappeared in 1–2 days and after 7–11 days the Plaque Index for each subject was as low as before the experiment. Correspondingly, after 1–2 days most tooth surfaces only harbored the original sparse flora of gram-positive cocci and rods. The gingival inflammation in an area usually disappeared one day after the plaque had been removed.
863 citations
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TL;DR: When the extent and distribution of the disease has been investigated, the available information is utilized in search for etiological factors and studies of the nature of the Disease.
Abstract: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL investigations of a disease commonly start with the study of prevalence and incidence of the disease. Prevalence refers to the number of events or defects in an individual or a population at a specified time. Incidence refers to the number of defects that may accrue or accumulate in an individual or a population during a given period of time. When the extent and distribution of the disease has been investigated, the available information is utilized in search for etiological factors and studies of the nature of the disease.
1,013 citations
TL;DR: A method for scoring the effects of periodontal disease which permits quantitative comparisons between or within human populations, and which may be applied swiftly and with a minimum of equipment in the field is described.
Abstract: THE \"paucity of reliable epidemiological data\"1 concerning periodontal disease has been discussed by several commentators.2 3 Although field surveys of gingivitis prevalence have been carried out using the P. M. A. index of Massler and Schour,4-10 studies dealing with more advanced stages of tissue destruction have generally been based upon collections of case histories, with all of the drawbacks inherent in such data,\"1 and have ordinarily been limited to estimates of the qualitative presence or absence of disease without regard to its severity,12 or of quantitative bone loss as determined by radiographs alone, without reference to clinical appearance.13' 14 A committee of the University of Michigan Periodontal Workshop stated that \"the lack of valid indexes for determining the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of periodontal diseases has hindered seriously the development of more effective preventive and treatment procedures for these diseases. '1 The Council on Dental Health of the American Dental Association commented that, \"The prevalence of the disease has not been measured, largely because of inadequate measuring devices.\"'5 This report describes a method for scoring the effects of periodontal disease which permits quantitative comparisons between or within human populations, and which may be applied swiftly and with a minimum of equipment in the field.
655 citations
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TL;DR: The histologic changes apparently do not arise from a single etiological factor, but are a manifestation of the altered nutritional and the metabolic status of the individual during pregnancy, and the immediate cause of the gingival changes appears to be a diminished utilization of estrogen or a modification of estrogen metabolism.
53 citations