Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Sediments and Biota in Coastal Environments of India
01 Jan 2012-pp 375-406
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the knowlegde on residues of 5 classes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and its congeners (PAHs), polychorinated biphenyl (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ether and its derivatives (PBDEs) in the sediments and in selective biota: bivalve m
Abstract: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are semivolatile organic compounds of special concern because of their toxicity, persistence, long-range transport and bioaccumulation potential. They are present in the marine environment, notably in coastal areas affected by municipal sewage, agricultural and aquaculture effluents, industry and shipping traffic. The 7,555 km-length coastal region of India is the most vulnerable zone facing frequent geohazards, e.g. tsunami and flooding. It is contaminated from direct discharge of wastes from the densely populated coastal areas, runoff of fertilizers, dumping by vessels, oil spills, deforestation and ill-planned river basin developments. This chapter summarizes the knowlegde on residues of 5 classes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers (HCHs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and its congeners (PAHs), polychorinated biphenyl and its congeners (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ether and its congeners (PBDEs) in the sediments and in selective biota: bivalve mollusks, fishes and marine mammals. Their potential ecotoxicological impacts on biota have also been assessed based on the sediment quality guidelines (SQG) specified by USEPA (The incidence and severity of sediment contamination in surface waters of the United States, vol 1, National sediment quality survey. EPA 823-R-97-006, Washington, DC, 1997a: Environmental protection agency, National Sediment Quality Survey, App D, Washington DC, 1997b) and by Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME, Canadian quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life-summary tables. Available from. http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/sed summary_table.pdf, 2002).
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TL;DR: Broadly speaking, reptiles, species residing in the wetland and the ones with a carnivorous diet showed higher levels of POPs and DNA damage, and the degree of environmental stress to which the different components of the ecosystem of the Coatzacoalcos river delta are subject to.
13 citations
28 Mar 2013
TL;DR: The use and contamination of selected organochlorine pesticides (DDT, HCH, endosulfan, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Heptachlor) in India is reviewed in this paper.
Abstract: The use and contamination of selected organochlorine pesticides (DDT, HCH, endosulfan, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Heptachlor) in India is reviewed in this paper. To meet the food demand of increasing population, the modern agriculture practices involve an increase usage of pesticides which results in OCPs contamination of the environment. Due to modern agriculture practices an increase in use of pesticides to meet the food demand of increasing population which results in OCPs contamination of the environment. The levels of pesticide contamination in agricultural soils were found to be higher. Additionally organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were found to be residue in different foods and also detected in human fats, due to their bioaccumulating and persisting nature.
11 citations
Cites background from "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs..."
...…insecticides Ltd. set up two units to manufacture DDT. India is one of the few remaining countries still engaged in the large scale manufacture, use and export of some of the toxic chlorinated pesticides, such as (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) (Sarkar et al., 2012)....
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...few remaining countries still engaged in the large scale manufacture, use and export of some of the toxic chlorinated pesticides, such as (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) (Sarkar et al., 2012)....
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...Shortly after, Hindustan insecticides Ltd. set up two units to manufacture DDT. India is one of the few remaining countries still engaged in the large scale manufacture, use and export of some of the toxic chlorinated pesticides, such as (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) (Sarkar et al., 2012)....
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TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the annual, seasonal, and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soft tissues of oysters from the Pearl River Estuary over the last six years and quantitatively analyzed the influence of environmental factors on PAH occurrence in the oysters.
8 citations
TL;DR: The agricultural soils of Tlaxcala, Mexico have greater genotoxic capacity than the organic extracts, suggesting a potential risk to biota that depends upon this ecosystem.
Abstract: The aim of this research was to quantify some POPs, such as p,p′ DDT, p,p′ DDE, and PCBs in agricultural soils of Tlaxcala, Mexico and evaluate their capacity for eliciting DNA damage, using Vicia faba as bioindicator. The values of ΣDDTs and ΣPCBs ranged from 8–24 to 118–26,983 µg/kg, respectively. The samples T1 (HQ = 9.3) and T2 (HQ = 53.9) showed concentrations of ΣPCBs higher than Canadian guidelines (SQGE = 500 µg/kg). The genotoxicity testing produced percentages of DNA fragmentation higher than negative control and statistically significant (p < 0.05), both in agricultural soils and organic extracts. The soils T2, T3, N4, and N5 showed a DICA from 2.6 to 3.1 times, statistically higher (p < 0.05) than negative control. In general, the agricultural soils have greater genotoxic capacity than the organic extracts, suggesting a potential risk to biota that depends upon this ecosystem.
6 citations
Cites background from "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs..."
...…persistence, semi-volatility and the POPs lipophilic nature allow their bioaccumulate in fatty tissue and integrated to food chain (Walker 2009; Sarkar et al. 2012), and thus become environmentally hazardous substances to the ecosystems and the wildlife (González-Millle et al. & L.…...
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...The environmental persistence, semi-volatility and the POPs lipophilic nature allow their bioaccumulate in fatty tissue and integrated to food chain (Walker 2009; Sarkar et al. 2012), and thus become environmentally hazardous substances to the ecosystems and the wildlife (González-Millle et al....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a bloom of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, associated with high concentration of total organic carbon and fucoxanthin, was found on Hole beach, Goa (Lat: 15.404° N, Long: 73.787° E), where nutrients (NO3- = 137 μM and organic nitrogen = 121 μM) from a garbage dumpyard are released directly via streams/gutters to coastal waters.
Abstract: Anthropogenic activities release effluents containing nutrients and pathogenic bacteria that change the characteristics of coastal ecosystems. An important type of marine pollution which has occurred in 3 different states in India during 2019 is sea foam. Sea foam was found on Hole beach, Goa (Lat: 15.404° N, Long: 73.787° E), where nutrients (NO3- = 137 μM and organic nitrogen = 121 μM) from a garbage dumpyard are released directly via streams/gutters to coastal waters. This resulted in a bloom of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, associated with high concentration of total organic carbon and fucoxanthin. Decay of this bloom along with strong agitation due to rocks and wave action resulted in sea foam. We isolated foam-associated bacteria and identified pathogenic bacteria including Enterobacter cancerogenus through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Such foam-associated pathogenic bacteria, could be antibiotic resistant, and may have adverse effects on human health. This can also hamper the tourism industry of a small state like Goa that relies heavily on tourism.
6 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, matching biological and chemical data were compiled from numerous modeling, laboratory, and field studies performed in marine and estuarine sediments, and two guideline values (an effects range low and an effects range median) were determined for nine trace metals, total PCBs, two pesticides, 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and three classes of PAHs.
Abstract: Matching biological and chemical data were compiled from numerous modeling, laboratory, and field studies performed in marine and estuarine sediments. Using these data, two guideline values (an effects range-low and an effects range-median) were determined for nine trace metals, total PCBs, two pesticides, 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and three classes of PAHs. The two values defined concentration ranges that were: (1) rarely, (2) occasionally, or (3) frequently associated with adverse effects. The values generally agreed within a factor of 3 or less with those developed with the same methods applied to other data and to those developed with other effects-based methods. The incidence of adverse effects was quantified within each of the three concentration ranges as the number of cases in which effects were observed divided by the total number of observations. The incidence of effects increased markedly with increasing concentrations of all of the individual PAHs, the three classes of PAHs, and most of the trace metals. Relatively poor relationships were observed between the incidence of effects and the concentrations of mercury, nickel, total PCB, total DDT and p,p′-DDE. Based upon this evaluation, the approach provided reliable guidelines for use in sediment quality assessments. This method is being used as a basis for developing National sediment quality guidelines for Canada and informal, sediment quality guidelines for Florida.
3,869 citations
TL;DR: An objective in this paper is to provide a brief, focussed overview of what constitutes a POP, highlight the harmful effects they may have on biota, make some comments on their environmental sources and analysis, their environmental trends and processes, their movement through foodchains and highlight some important regional-and global-scale environmental transport issues.
1,193 citations
TL;DR: This work characterized the congener composition of six common technical flame-retardant mixtures and developed a method capable of analyzing a larger suite of mono- through deca-BDEs.
Abstract: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used to flame-retard products common in homes and the workplace, and subsequently, they have become widely dispersed in the environment. Detailed compositional knowledge of these complex PBDE mixtures is crucial to a fuller understanding of their toxicological potencies and environmental fate due to selective congener biomagnification, degradation, and transport. Utilizing recenttechnical enhancements and newly available commercial standards, we developed a method capable of analyzing a larger suite of mono- through deca-BDEs. We then characterized the congener composition of six common technical flame-retardant mixtures: two penta-BDE products (DE-71 and Bromkal 70-5DE) two octa-BDE products (DE-79 and Bromkal 79-8DE) and two deca-BDE products (Saytex 102E and Bromkal 82-0DE). PBDEs were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Structural conformations based on fragmentation patterns and molecular ions were established by electron-capture negative ionization (ECNI) and electron ionization (El). Sixty-four commercially available PBDE standards were chromato-graphed on two GC columns (DB-1HT and DB-5HT) and relative retention indexes (RRI) calculated. Thirty-nine PBDEs were identified in these products, 29 at concentrations >0.02% by weight. Of these, 12 previously unreported congeners have been confirmed as commercial mixture components. Four of these congeners were detected >0.02% w/w (BDE-144, -171, -180, and -201) and three (BDE-75, -184, and -194) at <0.02%. Five other congeners (four <0.02% by weight) were tentatively identified based on their molecular ion and ECNI fragmentation in the absence of corresponding analytical standards.
1,122 citations
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are fascinating areas of scientific research as discussed by the authors, and a brief overview of what constitutes a POP, highlight the harmful effects they may have on biota, make some comments on their environmental sources and analysis, their environmental trends and processes, their movement through foodchains and highlight some important regional and global-scale environmental transport issues.
Abstract: The environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are fascinating areas of scientific research. Our objective in this paper is to provide a brief, focussed overview of what constitutes a POP, highlight the harmful effects they may have on biota, make some comments on their environmental sources and analysis, their environmental trends and processes, their movement through foodchains and highlight some important regional-and global-scale environmental transport issues. Finally, we offer some personal thoughts on some current and future areas of scientific enquiry on POPs.
1,108 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, surface sediments, collected in the Gironde estuary during February and October 1993, were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the aromatic fractions were separated by liquid chromatography of the extracts and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
1,085 citations