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Journal ArticleDOI

Personality structure: emergence of the five-factor model

01 Jan 1990-Annual Review of Psychology (Annual Reviews)-Vol. 41, Iss: 1, pp 417-440
TL;DR: In this paper, the auteur discute un modele a cinq facteurs de la personnalite qu'il confronte a d'autres systemes de the personNalite and don't les correlats des dimensions sont analyses.
Abstract: L'auteur discute un modele a cinq facteurs de la personnalite qu'il confronte a d'autres systemes de la personnalite et dont les correlats des dimensions sont analyses ainsi que les problemes methodologiques
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relation of the Big Five personality dimensions (extraversion, emotional stability, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience) to three job performance criteria (job proficiency, training proficiency, and personnel data) for five occupational groups (professionals, police, managers, sales, and skilled/semi-skilled).
Abstract: This study investigated the relation of the “Big Five” personality dimensions (Extraversion, Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience) to three job performance criteria (job proficiency, training proficiency, and personnel data) for five occupational groups (professionals, police, managers, sales, and skilled/semi-skilled). Results indicated that one dimension of personality, Conscientiousness, showed consistent relations with all job performance criteria for all occupational groups. For the remaining personality dimensions, the estimated true score correlations varied by occupational group and criterion type. Extraversion was a valid predictor for two occupations involving social interaction, managers and sales (across criterion types). Also, both Openness to Experience and Extraversion were valid predictors of the training proficiency criterion (across occupations). Other personality dimensions were also found to be valid predictors for some occupations and some criterion types, but the magnitude of the estimated true score correlations was small (ρ < .10). Overall, the results illustrate the benefits of using the 5-factor model of personality to accumulate and communicate empirical findings. The findings have numerous implications for research and practice in personnel psychology, especially in the subfields of personnel selection, training and development, and performance appraisal.

8,018 citations


Cites background or methods from "Personality structure: emergence of..."

  • ...Generally, researchers agree that there are five robust factors of personalify (described below) which can serve as a meaningful taxonomy for classifying personalify attributes ( Digman, 1990 )....

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  • ...Based on the evidence cited by Digman (1990) , the preponderance of evidence supports the definition of conscientious ness as including these volitional aspects (Bernstein, Garbin, & McClellan, 1983; Borgatta, 1964; Conley, 1985; Costa & McCrae, 1988; Digman & Inouye, 1986; Digman & Takemoto-Chock, 1981; Howarth, 1976; Krug & Johns, 1986; Lei & Skinner, 1982; Lorr & Manning, 1978; McCrae & Costa, 1985, 1987, ......

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  • ...Bond, Nakazato, & Shiraishi, 1975; Noller, Law, & Comrey, 1987); using ratings obtained from different sources (e.g., Digman & Inouye, 1986; Digman & Takemoto-Chock , 1981; Fiske, 1949; McCrae & Costa, 1987; Norman, 1963; Norman & Goldberg, 1966; Watson, 1989); and with a variety of samples (see Digman, 1990, for a more detailed discussion)....

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  • ...For purposes of this study, we adopted names and definitions similar to those used by Digman (1990) : Extraversion, Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience....

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  • ...The description of the five factors provided to the raters corresponded to those presented by Digman (1990) and as described above....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examination of the scale on somewhat different grounds, however, does suggest that future applications can benefit from its revision, and a minor modification to the Life Orientation Test is described, along with data bearing on the revised scale's psychometric properties.
Abstract: Research on dispositional optimism as assessed by the Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, 1985) has been challenged on the grounds that effects attributed to optimism are indistinguishable from those of unmeasured third variables, most notably, neuroticism. Data from 4,309 subjects show that associations between optimism and both depression and aspects of coping remain significant even when the effects of neuroticism, as well as the effects of trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem, are statistically controlled. Thus, the Life Orientation Test does appear to possess adequate predictive and discriminant validity. Examination of the scale on somewhat different grounds, however, does suggest that future applications can benefit from its revision. Thus, we also describe a minor modification to the Life Orientation Test, along with data bearing on the revised scale's psychometric properties.

6,395 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that the five-factor model of personality should prove useful both for individual assessment and for the elucidation of a number of topics of interest to personality psychologists.
Abstract: The five-factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Research using both natural language adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnaires supports the comprehensiveness of the model and its applicability across observers and cultures. This article summarizes the history of the model and its supporting evidence; discusses conceptions of the nature of the factors; and outlines an agenda for theorizing about the origins and operation of the factors. We argue that the model should prove useful both for individual assessment and for the elucidation of a number of topics of interest to personality psychologists.

5,838 citations


Cites background or methods from "Personality structure: emergence of..."

  • ...…adjectives in English (Goldberg, 1990; John, 1990a) and German (Ostendorf, 1990) typically show a factor defined by such items as intelligent, imaginative, and perceptive, and researchers from Fiske (1949) to Hogan (1986) and Digman (1990) have identified this factor as some form of Intellect....

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  • ...Brand & Egan, 1989; Digman, 1990; Hogan, 1983; John, 1990a; see also Table 2)....

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  • ...The label Agreeableness has been almost universally used for Norman's Factor II, but as Digman (1990) noted, "Agreeableness . . . seems tepid for a dimension that appears to involve the more humane aspects of humanity—characteristics such as altruism, nurturance, caring , and emotional support at…...

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  • ...A second artifactual hypothesis, raised most recently by Digman (1990), is that the number of factors is the result of cognitive limitations in information processing (Miller, 1956)....

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  • ...Several discussions of the relative merits of these two conceptions have been offered (Digman, 1990; John, 1990a; McCrae & Costa, 1985b, in press; Peabody & Goldberg, 1989)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The generality of this 5-factor model is here demonstrated across unusually comprehensive sets of trait terms, which suggest their potential utility as Big-Five markers in future studies.
Abstract: In the 45 years since Cattell used English trait terms to begin the formulation of his "description of personality," a number of investigators have proposed an alternative structure based on 5 orthogonal factors. The generality of this 5-factor model is here demonstrated across unusually comprehensive sets of trait terms. In the first of 3 studies, 1,431 trait adjectives grouped into 75 clusters were analyzed; virtually identical structures emerged in 10 replications, each based on a different factor-analytic procedure. A 2nd study of 479 common terms grouped into 133 synonym clusters revealed the same structure in 2 samples of self-ratings and in 2 samples of peer ratings. None of the factors beyond the 5th generalized across the samples. In the 3rd study, analyses of 100 clusters derived from 339 trait terms suggest their potential utility as Big-Five markers in future studies.

5,621 citations


Cites methods from "Personality structure: emergence of..."

  • ..., Digman, 1990; John, 1990), whereas other investigators have not (e.g., Zuckerman, Kuhlman, & Camac, 1988). However, only in studies in which markers of the Big-Five structure have been included is it possible to discover the actual degree of convergence. To solve this problem, Costa and McCrae (1985) have used questionnaire statements to construct a personality inventory (the NEO Personality Inventory [NEO-PI]) based on the Big-Five structure, and these investigators have been actively trying to assimilate the scales from a host of other inventories within the Big-Five framework (e....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although a considerable amount of research in personality psychology has been done to conceptualize human personality, identify the “Big Five” dimensions, and explore the meaning of each dimension,... as mentioned in this paper
Abstract: Although a considerable amount of research in personality psychology has been done to conceptualize human personality, identify the “Big Five” dimensions, and explore the meaning of each dimension,...

4,813 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1957
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the nature and theory of meaning and present a new, objective method for its measurement which they call the semantic differential, which can be adapted to a wide variety of problems in such areas as clinical psychology, social psychology, linguistics, mass communications, esthetics, and political science.
Abstract: In this pioneering study, the authors deal with the nature and theory of meaning and present a new, objective method for its measurement which they call the semantic differential. This instrument is not a specific test, but rather a general technique of measurement that can be adapted to a wide variety of problems in such areas as clinical psychology, social psychology, linguistics, mass communications, esthetics, and political science. The core of the book is the authors' description, application, and evaluation of this important tool and its far-reaching implications for empirical research.

9,476 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

2,419 citations


"Personality structure: emergence of..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...…conformity will to achieve" Eysenck (1970) extraversion P s y c h o t i c i s m Tupes & Christal (1961) surgency agreeableness dependability Norman (1963) surgency agreeableness conscientiousness Borgatta (1964) assertiveness like ability task interest Cattell (1957) exvia cortertia…...

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  • ...It now appears quite likely that what Norman (1963) offered many years ago as an effort "toward an adequate taxonomy for personality attributes" has ma tured into a theoretical structure of surprising generality, with stimulating links to psycholinguistics and cross-cultural psychology, cognitive…...

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  • ...Norman (1963), however, knew of the report and replicated the five-factor structure, offering the trait dimensions as steps "toward an adequate taxon omy of personality attributes."...

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  • ...Goldberg further suggested that the five major dimensions of the rating field could provide a framework for many theoretical organizations of per sonality concepts, including the views of Cattell (1957), Norman (1963), Eysenck (1970), Guilford (1975), Osgood et al (1975), and Wiggins (1980)....

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  • ...Dimension II has generally been interpreted as Agreeableness (Tupes & Christal 1961; Norman 1963; Goldberg 1981; Costa & McCrae 1985)....

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Book
01 Jan 1974

1,742 citations


"Personality structure: emergence of..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The various scales of the Personality Research Form (PRF; Jackson 1974) were then related to these four factors, producing substantial correlations that were in general as expected [e.g. .73 between naif (need for affiliation) and Factor II, Ex traversion; -.62 between nimp (need for Impulsiveness)…...

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  • ...Using Jackson's Personality Research Form (PRF; Jackson 1974) two in dependent studies (Borkenau & Ostendorf 1989; Costa & McCrae 1988) came to similar conclusions: The five broad dimensions of personality commonly noted in the rating field and increasingly noted in omnibus personality in ventories…...

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  • ...…model in the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI; Eysenck & Eysenck 1964; McCrae & Costa 1985a), the Jackson Personality Research Form (PRF; Jackson 1974; Costa & McCrae 1988), the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI; Myers & McCauley 1985; McCrae & Costa 1989), and the California Q-Set…...

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Book
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored personality variables measured by the 16 personality factor (16PF) test and their relationship with the psychology of ministry and rooted in personality theory and research.
Abstract: education is careful consideration to human factor. Cattell R.B., Eber H.W., Tatsuoka M.M. Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. (16PF). *Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. ABSTRACT. This study explored personality variables measured by the 16 Personality Factor (16PF) test and their. with the psychology of ministry and rooted in personality theory and research. A considerable Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Model, as proposed by Cattell, Eber and Tatsuoka. (1970) and Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Champaign Handbook of education for spirituality, care and wellbeing (pp 125-146). Francis.

1,624 citations


"Personality structure: emergence of..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The system, however, was of daunting complexity, employing a minimum of 16 primary factors and 8 second-order factors (Cattell et al 1970)....

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