Pesticide management and their residues in sediments and surface and drinking water in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.
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Cites background from "Pesticide management and their resi..."
...…et al., 2007; Liu 336 et al., 2015a), honeysuckle (Tian et al., 2015), and traditional Chinese medicine (Wang et al., 337 2007; Cheng et al., 2013; Tong et al., 2014), with respectiv maximum concentrations of 338 31.00 ng g-1 for cepermethrin, 930.00 ng g-1 for fenvalerate, 73.00 ng g-1 for…...
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...Tong et al. (2014) 341 collected a total of 132 samples of Chinese herbal medicines from major markets in China 342 and found pesticide residues in 74 of them, with a frequency of detection of 4.6% for 343 cyhalothrin, 2.3% for bifenthrin, 1.5% for cepermethrin and permethrin, and 0.8% for…...
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161 citations
Cites background from "Pesticide management and their resi..."
...The source of contamination by pesticides may be by direct contact with the pesticide or by infiltration (Toan et al., 2013)....
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149 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Pesticide management and their resi..."
...Similarly, canal water after flocculation by aluminium and disinfection by boiling was perceived as being safe for use (Toan et al. 2013), confirmed by household survey of this study)....
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...Analytical method A multi-residue pesticide analytical method was adapted from Laabs et al. (2007) and Toan et al. (2013): 500 mL water sample were adjusted to pH 4, 10 g NaCl was added, then filtered through glass fiber filter (pore size 1 μm)....
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...For drinking and cooking purposes in rural areas, every available natural water source including rivers, canals, groundwater, and rainwater are utilized (GSO 2008; Ozdemir et al. 2011; Reis and Mollinga 2012; Toan et al. 2013; Wilbers et al. 2013, 2014)....
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...However, Toan et al. (2013) also conducted a preliminarily screening of drinking water extracted from surface water systems and found 7 out of the 15 studied pesticides in some samples, with average concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.47 μg L−1....
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...Recently, Toan et al. (2013) monitored 15 currently used pesticides (buprofezin, butachlor, cypermethrin, difenozonazole, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan-sulfate, fenobucarb, fipronil, hexaconazole, isoprothiolane, pretilachlor, profenofos, propanil, and propiconazole) in irrigation canals…...
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References
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3,302 citations
"Pesticide management and their resi..." refers background in this paper
...The relatively fast breakdown of fenobucarb (DT50 6–14 days under paddy conditions; Tomlin, 2003) might account for these differences....
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732 citations
618 citations
222 citations
"Pesticide management and their resi..." refers background in this paper
...This increasing use of pesticides coupled with their widespread mismanagement (Thuy et al., 2012b) lead to considerable concerns with regard to environmental pollution and human health in the last decades (Dasgupta et al., 2005; Hoai et al., 2011)....
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178 citations
"Pesticide management and their resi..." refers background in this paper
...Nevertheless, household surveys and environmental monitoring data show continuous evidence of further use of some of these compounds (Berg, 2001; Dung and Dung, 2003; Hoai et al., 2011; Meisner, 2005; Minh et al., 2007; Thuy et al., 2012b). Berg and Tam (2012) recently reported only marginal changes in the top ten list of the a.i. that were most frequently used in 1999 and 2007 in the Mekong Delta. Themost commonly used pesticides in both yearswere the insecticide fenobucarb, the fungicides hexaconazole and propiconazole and the herbicide pretilachlor. According to the study, the average number of applications of insecticides per rice field and crop has decreased significantly from 1999 to 2007 (3.1 vs 1.4 applications on average for the first crop), while the amount applied per crop decreased less rapidly (0.93 vs 0.77 kg a.i. ha−1) (Berg and Tam, 2012), implying that the treatment frequency decreased by increasing the amount sprayed per treatment. Once released in the environment, pesticides may harm non-target plants and animals as well as human beings (Ohkawa et al., 2007). Although pesticide concentrations in surface water are routinely monitored and assessed in many countries (Azevedo et al., 2004; Ebbert and Embrey, 2002; Müller et al., 2002; Nakano et al., 2004), pesticide monitoring is cost intensive and requires skilled laboratory staff and sophisticated equipment causing large differences between countries with regard to the extent and reliability of monitoring results. In Vietnam, regular state-organized surface water monitoring programs are still focusing on organochlorines and organophosphates. Monitoring is very limited in terms of spatial coverage, sampling frequency and compounds considered (authors' observations and discussions with officers of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) of Can Tho and Dong Thap). Pesticides that are currently in use are not monitored at all or are monitored at very low frequencies. In addition to regularmonitoring programs, several scientific studies have been conducted on pesticide occurrence. For example, DDT was shown to still occur frequently in the environment. DDT concentrations reported for soils and sediments in agricultural areas in North Vietnam ranged from 5 to 28 ng g−1 dry weight (Viet et al., 2000). In the Mekong Delta, DDT was detected in sediment with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 110 ng g−1 dry weight (Minh et al., 2007). Again in the Mekong Delta among more than 70 monitored pesticides, diazinon, fenitrothion and endosulfan were detected in the water, while DDT, HCH, endosulfan and chlordane occurred in sediment and biota (Carvalho et al., 2008). Since the concentration of DDT was higher close to settlements, Carvalho et al. (2008) attributed this to vector control activities rather than to agricultural use. In contrast, endosulfanwas detected in highest concentrations in rural areaswhere it has been used for agricultural purposes (Carvalho et al., 2008). The studies of Hoai et al. (2011) and Lamers et al. (2011) are among the few in Vietnam which monitored recently used pesticides as opposed to the large amount of studies focusing on organochlorines and organophosphates. Hoai et al. (2011)monitored the occurrence of fenobucarb, trichlorfon, cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin and detected them in environmental samples as well as in vegetable and fish....
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...Nevertheless, household surveys and environmental monitoring data show continuous evidence of further use of some of these compounds (Berg, 2001; Dung and Dung, 2003; Hoai et al., 2011; Meisner, 2005; Minh et al., 2007; Thuy et al., 2012b). Berg and Tam (2012) recently reported only marginal changes in the top ten list of the a.i. that were most frequently used in 1999 and 2007 in the Mekong Delta. Themost commonly used pesticides in both yearswere the insecticide fenobucarb, the fungicides hexaconazole and propiconazole and the herbicide pretilachlor. According to the study, the average number of applications of insecticides per rice field and crop has decreased significantly from 1999 to 2007 (3.1 vs 1.4 applications on average for the first crop), while the amount applied per crop decreased less rapidly (0.93 vs 0.77 kg a.i. ha−1) (Berg and Tam, 2012), implying that the treatment frequency decreased by increasing the amount sprayed per treatment. Once released in the environment, pesticides may harm non-target plants and animals as well as human beings (Ohkawa et al., 2007). Although pesticide concentrations in surface water are routinely monitored and assessed in many countries (Azevedo et al., 2004; Ebbert and Embrey, 2002; Müller et al., 2002; Nakano et al., 2004), pesticide monitoring is cost intensive and requires skilled laboratory staff and sophisticated equipment causing large differences between countries with regard to the extent and reliability of monitoring results. In Vietnam, regular state-organized surface water monitoring programs are still focusing on organochlorines and organophosphates. Monitoring is very limited in terms of spatial coverage, sampling frequency and compounds considered (authors' observations and discussions with officers of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) of Can Tho and Dong Thap). Pesticides that are currently in use are not monitored at all or are monitored at very low frequencies. In addition to regularmonitoring programs, several scientific studies have been conducted on pesticide occurrence. For example, DDT was shown to still occur frequently in the environment. DDT concentrations reported for soils and sediments in agricultural areas in North Vietnam ranged from 5 to 28 ng g−1 dry weight (Viet et al., 2000). In the Mekong Delta, DDT was detected in sediment with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 110 ng g−1 dry weight (Minh et al., 2007). Again in the Mekong Delta among more than 70 monitored pesticides, diazinon, fenitrothion and endosulfan were detected in the water, while DDT, HCH, endosulfan and chlordane occurred in sediment and biota (Carvalho et al., 2008). Since the concentration of DDT was higher close to settlements, Carvalho et al. (2008) attributed this to vector control activities rather than to agricultural use. In contrast, endosulfanwas detected in highest concentrations in rural areaswhere it has been used for agricultural purposes (Carvalho et al., 2008). The studies of Hoai et al. (2011) and Lamers et al....
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...Nevertheless, household surveys and environmental monitoring data show continuous evidence of further use of some of these compounds (Berg, 2001; Dung and Dung, 2003; Hoai et al., 2011; Meisner, 2005; Minh et al., 2007; Thuy et al., 2012b). Berg and Tam (2012) recently reported only marginal changes in the top ten list of the a.i. that were most frequently used in 1999 and 2007 in the Mekong Delta. Themost commonly used pesticides in both yearswere the insecticide fenobucarb, the fungicides hexaconazole and propiconazole and the herbicide pretilachlor. According to the study, the average number of applications of insecticides per rice field and crop has decreased significantly from 1999 to 2007 (3.1 vs 1.4 applications on average for the first crop), while the amount applied per crop decreased less rapidly (0.93 vs 0.77 kg a.i. ha−1) (Berg and Tam, 2012), implying that the treatment frequency decreased by increasing the amount sprayed per treatment. Once released in the environment, pesticides may harm non-target plants and animals as well as human beings (Ohkawa et al., 2007). Although pesticide concentrations in surface water are routinely monitored and assessed in many countries (Azevedo et al., 2004; Ebbert and Embrey, 2002; Müller et al., 2002; Nakano et al., 2004), pesticide monitoring is cost intensive and requires skilled laboratory staff and sophisticated equipment causing large differences between countries with regard to the extent and reliability of monitoring results. In Vietnam, regular state-organized surface water monitoring programs are still focusing on organochlorines and organophosphates. Monitoring is very limited in terms of spatial coverage, sampling frequency and compounds considered (authors' observations and discussions with officers of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) of Can Tho and Dong Thap). Pesticides that are currently in use are not monitored at all or are monitored at very low frequencies. In addition to regularmonitoring programs, several scientific studies have been conducted on pesticide occurrence. For example, DDT was shown to still occur frequently in the environment. DDT concentrations reported for soils and sediments in agricultural areas in North Vietnam ranged from 5 to 28 ng g−1 dry weight (Viet et al., 2000). In the Mekong Delta, DDT was detected in sediment with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 110 ng g−1 dry weight (Minh et al., 2007). Again in the Mekong Delta among more than 70 monitored pesticides, diazinon, fenitrothion and endosulfan were detected in the water, while DDT, HCH, endosulfan and chlordane occurred in sediment and biota (Carvalho et al., 2008). Since the concentration of DDT was higher close to settlements, Carvalho et al. (2008) attributed this to vector control activities rather than to agricultural use....
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...Nevertheless, household surveys and environmental monitoring data show continuous evidence of further use of some of these compounds (Berg, 2001; Dung and Dung, 2003; Hoai et al., 2011; Meisner, 2005; Minh et al., 2007; Thuy et al., 2012b). Berg and Tam (2012) recently reported only marginal changes in the top ten list of the a.i. that were most frequently used in 1999 and 2007 in the Mekong Delta. Themost commonly used pesticides in both yearswere the insecticide fenobucarb, the fungicides hexaconazole and propiconazole and the herbicide pretilachlor. According to the study, the average number of applications of insecticides per rice field and crop has decreased significantly from 1999 to 2007 (3.1 vs 1.4 applications on average for the first crop), while the amount applied per crop decreased less rapidly (0.93 vs 0.77 kg a.i. ha−1) (Berg and Tam, 2012), implying that the treatment frequency decreased by increasing the amount sprayed per treatment. Once released in the environment, pesticides may harm non-target plants and animals as well as human beings (Ohkawa et al., 2007). Although pesticide concentrations in surface water are routinely monitored and assessed in many countries (Azevedo et al., 2004; Ebbert and Embrey, 2002; Müller et al., 2002; Nakano et al., 2004), pesticide monitoring is cost intensive and requires skilled laboratory staff and sophisticated equipment causing large differences between countries with regard to the extent and reliability of monitoring results. In Vietnam, regular state-organized surface water monitoring programs are still focusing on organochlorines and organophosphates. Monitoring is very limited in terms of spatial coverage, sampling frequency and compounds considered (authors' observations and discussions with officers of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) of Can Tho and Dong Thap). Pesticides that are currently in use are not monitored at all or are monitored at very low frequencies. In addition to regularmonitoring programs, several scientific studies have been conducted on pesticide occurrence. For example, DDT was shown to still occur frequently in the environment. DDT concentrations reported for soils and sediments in agricultural areas in North Vietnam ranged from 5 to 28 ng g−1 dry weight (Viet et al., 2000). In the Mekong Delta, DDT was detected in sediment with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 110 ng g−1 dry weight (Minh et al., 2007). Again in the Mekong Delta among more than 70 monitored pesticides, diazinon, fenitrothion and endosulfan were detected in the water, while DDT, HCH, endosulfan and chlordane occurred in sediment and biota (Carvalho et al., 2008). Since the concentration of DDT was higher close to settlements, Carvalho et al. (2008) attributed this to vector control activities rather than to agricultural use. In contrast, endosulfanwas detected in highest concentrations in rural areaswhere it has been used for agricultural purposes (Carvalho et al., 2008). The studies of Hoai et al. (2011) and Lamers et al. (2011) are among the few in Vietnam which monitored recently used pesticides as opposed to the large amount of studies focusing on organochlorines and organophosphates. Hoai et al. (2011)monitored the occurrence of fenobucarb, trichlorfon, cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin and detected them in environmental samples as well as in vegetable and fish. Lamers et al. (2011)monitored the loss of imidacloprid, fenitrothion, fenobucarb, and dichlorvos frompaddy ricefields at thewatershed scale inmountainous regions of North Vietnam and reported runoff losses in the range of 0....
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...Nevertheless, household surveys and environmental monitoring data show continuous evidence of further use of some of these compounds (Berg, 2001; Dung and Dung, 2003; Hoai et al., 2011; Meisner, 2005; Minh et al., 2007; Thuy et al., 2012b). Berg and Tam (2012) recently reported only marginal changes in the top ten list of the a.i. that were most frequently used in 1999 and 2007 in the Mekong Delta. Themost commonly used pesticides in both yearswere the insecticide fenobucarb, the fungicides hexaconazole and propiconazole and the herbicide pretilachlor. According to the study, the average number of applications of insecticides per rice field and crop has decreased significantly from 1999 to 2007 (3.1 vs 1.4 applications on average for the first crop), while the amount applied per crop decreased less rapidly (0.93 vs 0.77 kg a.i. ha−1) (Berg and Tam, 2012), implying that the treatment frequency decreased by increasing the amount sprayed per treatment. Once released in the environment, pesticides may harm non-target plants and animals as well as human beings (Ohkawa et al., 2007). Although pesticide concentrations in surface water are routinely monitored and assessed in many countries (Azevedo et al., 2004; Ebbert and Embrey, 2002; Müller et al., 2002; Nakano et al., 2004), pesticide monitoring is cost intensive and requires skilled laboratory staff and sophisticated equipment causing large differences between countries with regard to the extent and reliability of monitoring results. In Vietnam, regular state-organized surface water monitoring programs are still focusing on organochlorines and organophosphates. Monitoring is very limited in terms of spatial coverage, sampling frequency and compounds considered (authors' observations and discussions with officers of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) of Can Tho and Dong Thap). Pesticides that are currently in use are not monitored at all or are monitored at very low frequencies. In addition to regularmonitoring programs, several scientific studies have been conducted on pesticide occurrence. For example, DDT was shown to still occur frequently in the environment. DDT concentrations reported for soils and sediments in agricultural areas in North Vietnam ranged from 5 to 28 ng g−1 dry weight (Viet et al., 2000). In the Mekong Delta, DDT was detected in sediment with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 110 ng g−1 dry weight (Minh et al., 2007). Again in the Mekong Delta among more than 70 monitored pesticides, diazinon, fenitrothion and endosulfan were detected in the water, while DDT, HCH, endosulfan and chlordane occurred in sediment and biota (Carvalho et al., 2008). Since the concentration of DDT was higher close to settlements, Carvalho et al. (2008) attributed this to vector control activities rather than to agricultural use. In contrast, endosulfanwas detected in highest concentrations in rural areaswhere it has been used for agricultural purposes (Carvalho et al., 2008). The studies of Hoai et al. (2011) and Lamers et al. (2011) are among the few in Vietnam which monitored recently used pesticides as opposed to the large amount of studies focusing on organochlorines and organophosphates....
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