PET nanocomposites development with nanoscale materials

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of nanoclays on the physical properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanocomposites was investigated, and it was observed that the effect of nanoparticles on the crystallization of PET is more considerable than TiO2 nanoparticles.

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Abstract: The influence of spherical (titanium dioxide (TiO2)) and platelet-like (Closite20A) nanofillers on the physical properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanocomposites was investigated. PET nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending of PET and nanofillers. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that PET nanocomposites had higher crystallinity than the neat PET, possibly due to the nucleating role of the nanoparticles. It was observed that the influence of nanoclays on crystallization of PET is more considerable than TiO2 nanoparticles. For PET/TiO2 and PET/clay nanocomposites, the highest value of crystallinity observed at 3 wt% and 1 wt% loading level of TiO2 and Closite20Ananoparticles, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic micrographs showed that uniform distribution and good dispersion of TiO2 through PET matrix were achieved at 1 and 3 wt% loadings but at higher loadings up to 5 wt%, nanoparticles tend to accumulate. Transmission electron microscopy and wide angle X-ray diffraction s...

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17 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Comparison of melt extrusion and thermokinetic mixing methods in poly(ethylene terephthalate)/montmorillonite nanocomposites

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İlhan Özen¹, Funda İnceoǧlu¹, Kazim Acatay¹, Yusuf Zi̇ya Menceloǧlu¹•Institutions (1)

Sabancı University¹

01 Jul 2012-Polymer Engineering and Science

TL;DR: In this article, the effects of processing type on thermal stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and its nanocomposites prepared with organically modified clays were studied.

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Abstract: The scope of this study consists in studying the effects of processing type on thermal stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and its nanocomposites prepared with organically modified clays. To achieve this goal, an intercalating agent was synthesized and montmorillonite type of clay modified with this intercalating agent was mixed with the PET by using melt extrusion and high-shear thermokinetic mixing method. According to the results, manganese in the raw claythough chemically boundwas found to be responsible for the decreased intrinsic viscosity (IV) values, i.e. decreased molecular weight in PET/organoclay nanocomposites. Besides, it was revealed that working on the thermokinetic mixer provided substantial contributions such as shorter processing times in comparison to the melt extrusion method, elimination of drying step before melt processing, which has been accepted as an inevitable process for PET so far, less thermal degradation because of short processing times, and more homogeneous and better dispersion of the clay particles in PET matrix phase.

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16 citations

Preparation and Characterization of Polyethylene Terephthalate/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites by In-situ Polymerization Method

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Rohan Khushal Labde¹•Institutions (1)

University of Toledo¹

01 Jan 2010

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a table of contents and a list of FIGURES for each of the following categories: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, CONGESTION, CONFUSION, COVERAGE, TABLES, CHAPTER

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Abstract: .........................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENT...............................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................xi LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................xvi CHAPTER

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7 citations

Cites background or methods from "PET nanocomposites development with..."

...1: Comparison between different organoclays [1]...
[...]
...Toledo: Kim [1] used modified clays to prepare polymer nanocomposite....
[...]
...These modifying agents are getting significant success in preparation of polymer nanocomposite; however, their main shortcoming for PET nanocomposites is their poor thermal stability [1]....
[...]
...Se-Hoon Kim et al.[62] proposed a novel method for preparation of PET nanocomposites and the clay dispersed trimellitate ester oligomers were prepared by esterification with 1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic anhydride and montmorillonite dispersed in ethylene glycol....
[...]
...Research carried out by Kim [1] at the Polymer Institute, University of Toledo, indicated that the in-situ polymerization method is more useful 30 than melt intercalation as it gives more exfoliated clay platelets structures, results in better properties of PET nanocomposites....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

A study of organo-modified clay type on pet-clay based nanocomposite properties

[...]

Sinem Yelkovan, Demet Yilmaz¹, Kasım Aksoy•Institutions (1)

Süleyman Demirel University¹

30 Jun 2014

TL;DR: In this article, three different organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) clays of Cloisite 10A, 15A and 30B (3%) were added into polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer.

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Abstract: Nowadays, there are many studies regarding with nanocomposite production including nano particles which aimed to gain many properties such as better strength, self-cleaning, and resistance to flammability into synthetic polymers. In nanocomposite production, the materials like clay, silica, metal oxides such as TiO2, Al2O3 are used. In present study, three different organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) clays of Cloisite 10A, 15A and 30B (3%) were added into polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer. Nanoclay and PET polymer were combined with melt blending method in terms of twin screw extruder. Internal and morphological properties of PET/clay nanocomposites were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and XRD curves. And also, chemical and thermal properties of nanocomposite samples were studied. The findings and results of nanocomposites were compared with that of PET polymer. At the end of the study, the changes in PET polymer and the effect of clay type on material properties were determined.

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6 citations

Cites background from "PET nanocomposites development with..."

...In literature, Kim [7], Litchfield et al....
[...]
...Kim [7] also researched oxygen permeability of PET-clay nanocomposites....
[...]
...In literature, Kim [7], Litchfield et al. [8], Scaffaro et al. [9], Frounchi et al. [10], Barber et al. [11], Wang et al. [12] and Solis et al. [13] studied clay-PET nanocomposite production by melt intercalation method and they worked on the effect of clay amount on nanocomposite properties, particularly clay dispersion in PET polymer matrix and tensile properties....
[...]
...This early work of Toyota group demonstrated the enhanced properties of nylon 6/nanoclay composites [5-8]....
[...]

PET and MXD6 Montmorillonite Nanocomposites

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Yin Wang¹•Institutions (1)

University of Toledo¹

01 Jan 2012

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a table of acknowledgements for the authors' work in the field of bioinformatics, which includes the following categories: acknowledgements and acknowledgements.

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Abstract: ............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... viii Table of

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5 citations

Cites background from "PET nanocomposites development with..."

...Melt blending [35] The first work on PET nanocomposites was done by Kim [35]....
[...]
...Kim et al. [263-264] proposed a model for the micromechanical deformation of PNCs with MMT tactoids and morphology structure upon uniaxial stretching PA/MMT samples that were prepared by injection molding....
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...In the study of Kim [133], PET/organoclay nanocomposites was prepared by in situ polymerization, the oxygen barrier property of nanocomposistes loaded with 1 49 wt% showed a 50% reduction when compared to pure PET....
[...]
...In a paper by Lai and Kim [178], a PET/PEN copolymer (8 mol% PEN) and epoxy modified organoclay were investigated....
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...Kim et al. [264] via TEM investigations revealed that microvoids in the range of micrometers are elongated in the stretching direction and homogeneously distributed in specimen with exfoliated morphology....
[...]

References

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Book•

Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, Twelve Volume Set

[...]

Joseph C. Salamone

23 Jul 1996

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of ingredients for the Body Biomimetic Materials Biosensors Blends Block Copolymers block Copolymer Micelles Comb-like Polymers Commercial Resins, Plastics, Elastomers Composites Compatibilizers Conducting Polymers Contact Lens Materials Controlled Release Dendrictic Polymers Dendrimers Dental Polymers Immobilized Enzymes Electrorheological Fluids Engineering Plastics Ferroelectric Polymers Ferromagnetic Polymers Fillers Flame-Resistant Material Fl

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Abstract: Additives Biodegradable Polymers Biomaterials for the Body Biomimetic Materials Biosensors Blends Block Copolymers Block Copolymer Micelles Comb-like Polymers Commercial Resins, Plastics, Elastomers Composites Compatibilizers Conducting Polymers Contact Lens Materials Controlled Release Dendrictic Polymers Dendrimers Dental Polymers Immobilized Enzymes Electrorheological Fluids Engineering Plastics Ferroelectric Polymers Ferromagnetic Polymers Fillers Flame-Resistant Material Flocculants Fluorine-containing Polymers Functional Polymers Gas Barrier Polymers Gas Separation Membranes Gelling Agents Group Transfer Polymerization Cyclopolymerization Hair and Skin Care Polymers Hairy Rod-Like Polymers High Solids Coatings Host-Guest Chemistry Hydrophilic Polymers Hydrophilic Surfaces Hydrogels Hyper-Branched Polymers Immortal Polymerization Inclusion Polymerization Inorganic/Organic Hybrids Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Ionomers Ladder Polymers Liquid Crystalline Polymers Living Polymers (Radical, Cation, Anion, and Coordination) Macrocyclic Polymers Macromonomers Membranes Metallocene Catalysis Metal Complexation Polymers Microbial Polymers Microencapsulated particles Microspheres Molecular Assemblies Molecular Complexes Molecular Composites Molecular Recognition Monodisperse Particles Monodisperse Polymers Network Polymers New Catalysts Systems New Fabrics New Initiating Systems New Living Polymer Systems New Polymerization Methods New Resins Nonlinear Optical Materials Nonthrombogenic Polymers Nucleic Acid Analogs Olefin-Carbon Monoxide Copolymers Optically Active Polymers Organometallic Polymers Pervaporation Membranes Phase Transfer Catalysts Phosphorous-Containing Polymers Photochromic Polymers Photoinitiators New Polymer Systems Poly (Ether Ketone) Poly (Ether Sulfone) Polyelectrolytes Polyelectrolyte Complexes Polyesters Polyimides Polymers from Natural Resources Polysilanes Preceramic Polymers Recycling Ring-Opening Polymerization Smart Materials Star Polymers Supramolecular Assembly Surface Modification Polymeric Surfactants Suture Materials Thermoplastic Composites Thermoreversible Gels Water-Borne Coatings Ziegler-Natta Catalysts Zwitterionic Polymerization

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1,609 citations

Book•

The chemistry of clay-organic reactions

[...]

B. K. G. Theng

01 Jan 1974

1,180 citations

"PET nanocomposites development with..." refers background in this paper

...The negatively charged clay surface of clay can, therefore, hold cations and negative charges are counterbalanced with alkali or alkaline earth cations in the interlayer [15]....
[...]

Book•

Polymer-clay nanocomposites

[...]

Thomas J. Pinnavaia, Gary W. Beall

01 Jan 2000

Abstract: Contributors. Series Preface. Preface. Polymer-clay Intercalates. Layered Silicate-Polymer Intercalation Compounds. Electroactive Polymers Intercalated in Clays and Related Solids. Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites Derived from Polymer-Silicate Gels. Polymerization of Organic Monomers and Biomolecules on Hectorite. Nanocomposite Synthesis and Properties. Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites. In Situ Polymerization Route to Nylon 6-Clay Nanocomposites. Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites. Polypropylene-Clay Nanocomposites. Polyethylene Terephthalate-Clay Nanocomposites. Special Properties and Applications. Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites with Conventional Flame Retardants. Nanocomposite Technology for Enhancing the Gas Barrier of Polyethylene Terephthalate. Structure and Rheology. Structural Characterization of Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites. New Conceptual Model for Interpreting Nanocomposite Behavior. Modeling the Phase Behavior of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites. Rheological Properties of Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites. Index.

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1,167 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Structure and Dynamics of Polymer-Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

[...]

Ramanan Krishnamoorti¹, and Richard A. Vaia¹, Emmanuel P. Giannelis¹•Institutions (1)

Cornell University¹

14 Aug 1996-Chemistry of Materials

TL;DR: In this article, the static and dynamic properties of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites are discussed in the context of polymers in confined media, and both the local and global dynamics of the polymer in the hybrids are dramatically different from those in the bulk.

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Abstract: The static and dynamic properties of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites are discussed in the context of polymers in confined media. Despite the topological constraints imposed by the host lattice, mass transport of the polymer into the silicate layers (at least in the case of essentially non-polar polystyrene) appears to be unhindered and exhibits mobility similar to that of the pure polymer. However, both the local and global dynamics of the polymer in the hybrids are dramatically different from those in the bulk. On a local scale, intercalated polymer chains exhibit higher flexibility along their backbone along with a marked suppression (or even absence) of cooperative dynamics typically associated with the glass transition. On a global scale, relaxation of polymer chains either tethered to or in close proximity (<1 nm as in intercalated hybrids) to the host surface are dramatically altered and parallel those of other intrinsically anisotropic materials such as block copolymers and liquid crystals.

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853 citations

"PET nanocomposites development with..." refers background in this paper

...Additionally these cations can provide reacting functional groups with polymer or initiate polymerization of monomers depend on sorts of modifier of clay [17,18,19,20]....
[...]
...R. Krishnamoorti, A.S. Silva, in Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites, T. J. Pinnavaia, G. W. Beall John wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000, Chapter 15 204 61....
[...]
...Krishnamoorti and Silva [19,60] explained these phenomena as a yield stress....
[...]

Book•

Inorganic Structural Chemistry

[...]

Ulrich Müller

01 Jan 1992

TL;DR: In this paper, the Effective Size of Atoms is defined as the ratio of the effective size of atoms to the number of atoms in an atom to the radius of the atom.

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Abstract: Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Description of Chemical Structures. 3. Symmetry. 4. Polymorphism and Phase Transition. 5. Structure, Energy and Chemical Bonding. 6. The Effective Size of Atoms. 7. Ionic Compounds. 8. Molecular Structures I: Compounds of Main Group Elements. 9. Molecular Structures II: Compounds of Transition Metals. 10. Molecular Orbital Theory and Chemical Bonding in Solids. 11. The Elements Structures of the Nonmetals. 12. Diamonds-like Structures. 13. Polyaniotic and Polycationic Compounds, Zintl Phases. 14. Packing of Spheres, Metal Structures. 15. The Sphere-packing Principle for Compounds. 16. Linked Polyhedra. 17. Packings of Spheres with Occupied Interstices. 18. Symmetry as the Organizing Principle for Crystal Structures. 19. Physical Properties of Solids. 20. Nanostructures. 21. Pitfalls and Linguistic Aberrations. References. Answers to the Problems. Index.

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342 citations