Pharmacognosy of Excoecaria agallocha L. bark (Euphorbiaceae)
TL;DR: In this article, pharmacognosy of Excoecaria agallocha L. Bark (Euphorbiaceae) was studied in the context of crude drug research.
Abstract: (1981). Pharmacognosy of Excoecaria agallocha L. Bark (Euphorbiaceae) Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research: Vol. 19, No. 2-3, pp. 131-139.
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TL;DR: A methodological survey of preparation of microspheres and microcapsules by suspension cross-linking is presented in this paper, where the formation of small droplets of a polymer solution (or melt) in an immiscible liquid followed by hardening of these droplets by covalent crosslinking, are discussed.
Abstract: A methodological survey of preparation of microspheres and microcapsules by suspension cross-linking is presented. Thus, basic features of suspension cross-linking, i.e., the formation of small droplets of a polymer solution (or melt) in an immiscible liquid followed by hardening of these droplets by covalent cross-linking, are discussed. Typical microspherical and microcapsular products manufactured by suspension cross-linking of naturally occurring and preformed synthetic polymers, including agarose and cellulose beads, albumin microspheres and microcapsules, polystyrene beads and epoxy resin microcapsules, are described. Manufacturing parameters controlling microsphere/microcapsule characteristics are also briefly outlined.
84 citations
TL;DR: The antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves/shoots of five salt marsh halophytes and six mangroves was studied against methicillin resistant, clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and further separation of active principle from the potent mangrove plant will be useful for the control of drug resistant strains.
Abstract: The antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves/shoots of five salt marsh halophytes and six mangroves was studied against methicillin resistant, clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. There was a clear comparability between the salt marsh halophytes and mangroves in their antibacterial action. The mangrove plants possessed higher antibacterial potency than the salt marsh halophytes. The highest activity was recorded with the methanol extract of Excoecaria agallocha followed by the methanol extracts of Aegiceras corniculatum, Lumnitzera racemosa and Ceriops decandra. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 0.125 to 4 mg/mL and 1 to 16 mg/mL for methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. Further separation of active principle from the potent mangrove plant will be useful for the control of drug resistant strains of S. aureus.
69 citations
TL;DR: The study indicated suitability of the aqueous extract of C. tagal as a possible prophylaxis for WSSV infection in shrimp, the first report on the anti W SSV property of the mangrove plant C.tagal.
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Cites background from "Pharmacognosy of Excoecaria agalloc..."
...They have been used in folklore medicine for treatment of several diseases (Kirtikar and Basu, 1935; Chopra et al., 1956; Datta and Datta, 1982)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1919
TL;DR: A comprehensive and indispensable reference to the generic and family names of flowering plants and ferns can be found in the 8th edition of the Dictionary of Ferns as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Willis's Dictionary is a famous publication in the world of botany and horticulture It is a comprehensive and indispensable reference to the generic and family names of flowering plants and ferns The entries attempt to cover all published generic names from 1753 onwards and published family names from 1789, together with a number of supra- and infra-familial taxa where these have not been based on family or generic names The generic names include many variant spellings and inter-generic hybrids Brief characters of subfamilies are usually given The treatment of the families and higher taxa of the Pteridophyta is based on the classification scheme proposed by Pichi-Sermolli The synopses of the Bentham & Hooker and Engler & Prand systems are retained This eighth edition is now published in paperback in order to make it available to a wider readership, not only of professional botanists, but also students and serious amateurs
1,203 citations
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24 Feb 2010
TL;DR: Watt's botanical dictionary of India was published in six volumes between 1889 and 1893, with an index volume completed in 1896, and the whole work is now reissued in nine separate parts as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A Scottish doctor and botanist, George Watt (1851–1930) had studied the flora of India for more than a decade before he took on the task of compiling this monumental work. Assisted by numerous contributors, he set about organising vast amounts of information on India's commercial plants and produce, including scientific and vernacular names, properties, domestic and medical uses, trade statistics, and published sources. Watt hoped that the dictionary, 'though not a strictly scientific publication', would be found 'sufficiently accurate in its scientific details for all practical and commercial purposes'. First published in six volumes between 1889 and 1893, with an index volume completed in 1896, the whole work is now reissued in nine separate parts. Volume 1 (1889) opens with the prefatory matter, along with lists of works consulted, contributors and abbreviations. It contains entries from Abaca (a name in the Philippines for Manila hemp) to Buxus (a genus of evergreen shrubs).
372 citations
TL;DR: This report is a report on the preliminary investigation of all the samples collected, and reveals certain interesting features about the distribution of cardiac aglycones in various Strophanthus species.
Abstract: The Medical Research Council Medicinal Plants Survey in its expedition to Africa collected many specimens of the seed of Strophanthus hi8pidus P.DC. and S. sarmento8us P.DC., mostly from individual plants, in order to investigate the occurrence of sarmentogenin, a substance which forms a possible starting material for the production of cortisone. The isolation of sarmentogenin from certain of these seeds has already been reported (Callow, Meikle & Taylor, 1951). The present paper is a report on the preliminary investigation ofall the samples collected, and reveals certain interesting features about the distribution of cardiac aglycones in various Strophanthus species. As the examination of each seed sample by isolation of the constituents might take several years for completion, a method has been developed for the routine semi-micro investigation of the easily hydrolysable glycosides of the seeds. These easily hydrolysable glycosides (Reichstein, 1951), which are completely hydrolysed by refluxing for half an hour in 50% aqueous methanol which has been made 0-1N with respect to sulphuric acid, are those in which the steroidal portion of the molecule is directly attached in a glycosidic linkage to a 2deoxy sugar. Most of the best known glycosides belong to this group, which is much easier to investigate than the group in which the aglycones are directly attached to 'normal' sugars carrying a hydroxyl group at C(2), such as glucose or rhamnose, where isolation of the intact aglycone is usually difficult and has in several cases not yet been achieved. Investigation of the 'normal' glycosides in our seed samples has so far only been carried out in selected cases. The paper-chromatographic method of Zaffaroni, Burton & Keutmann (1950) (cf. Burton, Zaffaroni & Keutmann,1951)hasbeenusedbySchindler & Reichstein (1951) for separating this type of substance, but the procedure is in many ways complicated
160 citations
TL;DR: It is commonly held that latex is no more than a waste product of metabolism, but it is all the more surprising that laticifers in some at least of the Papaveraceae contain such specialized chemical substances as alkaloids at a very early stage of their development.
Abstract: In conclusion it should be remembered that the purpose which latex serves in the metabolism of the plant has not been conclusively established. We must also remind ourselves once more that the term ‘latex’ is used in a very loose sense, and the line of demarcation between latex itself and certain other secreted metabolites is by no means clearly defined. It is commonly held that latex is no more than a waste product of metabolism, but, if this is so, it is all the more surprising that laticifers in some at least of the Papaveraceae contain such specialized chemical substances as alkaloids at a very early stage of their development, as Professor Fairbairn’s valuable work (11) has so clearly shown. The mere fact that the latices of different kinds of plants vary in their microscopical appearance and chemical composition suggests that they may not always have the same metabolic significance. Furthermore, the fact that latex is restricted to a small number of plant families, between many of which there is no evidence of close taxonomic relationship, suggests that the capacity to produce latex has been evolved more than once. To the systematic anatomist it seems that there are many morphological entities in the structure of plants, of which laticifers are hut one example, whose existence provides evidence of important underlying differences in metabolism. We are too apt to assume that the metabolism of all photosynthetic plants is uniform. No doubt a basic uniformity exists, but the restricted occurrence of plants with unusual products of metabolism such as latex shows that there is great scope for the study of comparative physiology and chemotaxonomy in the future.
147 citations