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Journal ArticleDOI

Phase noise in photonic communications systems using linear amplifiers

01 Dec 1990-Optics Letters (Optical Society of America)-Vol. 15, Iss: 23, pp 1351-1353
TL;DR: The question of phase detection in photonic communications systems that use linear optical amplifiers is considered, owing to the nonlinear Kerr effect in the transmission fiber, which limits the capacity and range of such systems to a range of a few thousand kilometers.
Abstract: Spontaneous emission noise limits the capacity and range of photonic communications systems that use linear optical amplifiers. We consider here the question of phase detection in such systems. Amplitude-to-phase-noise conversion occurs owing to the nonlinear Kerr effect in the transmission fiber, resulting in optimal phase noise performance when the nonlinear phase shift of the system is approximately 1 rad. Error-free state-of-the-art systems that use phase detection at multigigabit rates are thereby limited to a range of a few thousand kilometers.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
10 Jan 2005
TL;DR: Differential-phase-shift keying has recently been used to reach record distances in long-haul lightwave communication systems and theoretical as well as implementation aspects of DPSK are reviewed.
Abstract: Differential-phase-shift keying (DPSK) has recently been used to reach record distances in long-haul lightwave communication systems. This paper will review theoretical, as well as implementation, aspects of DPSK, and discuss experimental results.

949 citations


Cites background from "Phase noise in photonic communicati..."

  • ...This nonlinear interaction of signal and noise is referred to as the Gordon–Mollenauer effect [43]–[45]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work reviews detection methods, including noncoherent, differentially coherent, and coherent detection, as well as a hybrid method, and compares modulation methods encoding information in various degrees of freedom (DOF).
Abstract: The drive for higher performance in optical fiber systems has renewed interest in coherent detection. We review detection methods, including noncoherent, differentially coherent, and coherent detection, as well as a hybrid method. We compare modulation methods encoding information in various degrees of freedom (DOF). Polarization-multiplexed quadrature-amplitude modulation maximizes spectral efficiency and power efficiency, by utilizing all four available DOF, the two field quadratures in the two polarizations. Dual-polarization homodyne or heterodyne downconversion are linear processes that can fully recover the received signal field in these four DOF. When downconverted signals are sampled at the Nyquist rate, compensation of transmission impairments can be performed using digital signal processing (DSP). Linear impairments, including chromatic dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion, can be compensated quasi-exactly using finite impulse response filters. Some nonlinear impairments, such as intra-channel four-wave mixing and nonlinear phase noise, can be compensated partially. Carrier phase recovery can be performed using feedforward methods, even when phase-locked loops may fail due to delay constraints. DSP-based compensation enables a receiver to adapt to time-varying impairments, and facilitates use of advanced forward-error-correction codes. We discuss both single- and multi-carrier system implementations. For a given modulation format, using coherent detection, they offer fundamentally the same spectral efficiency and power efficiency, but may differ in practice, because of different impairments and implementation details. With anticipated advances in analog-to-digital converters and integrated circuit technology, DSP-based coherent receivers at bit rates up to 100 Gbit/s should become practical within the next few years.

907 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Jun 2006
TL;DR: This paper discusses the generation and detection of multigigabit/s intensity- and phase-modulated formats, and highlights their resilience to key impairments found in optical networking, such as optical amplifier noise, multipath interference, chromatic dispersion, polarization-mode dispersion.
Abstract: Fiber-optic communication systems form the high-capacity transport infrastructure that enables global broadband data services and advanced Internet applications. The desire for higher per-fiber transport capacities and, at the same time, the drive for lower costs per end-to-end transmitted information bit has led to optically routed networks with high spectral efficiencies. Among other enabling technologies, advanced optical modulation formats have become key to the design of modern wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) fiber systems. In this paper, we review optical modulation formats in the broader context of optically routed WDM networks. We discuss the generation and detection of multigigabit/s intensity- and phase-modulated formats, and highlight their resilience to key impairments found in optical networking, such as optical amplifier noise, multipath interference, chromatic dispersion, polarization-mode dispersion, WDM crosstalk, concatenated optical filtering, and fiber nonlinearity

772 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper tries to gather the recent results regarding the Gaussian-noise model definition, understanding, relations versus other models, validation, limitations, closed form solutions, approximations and, in general, its applications and implications in link analysis and optimization, also within a network environment.
Abstract: Several approximate non-linear fiber propagation models have been proposed over the years. Recent re-consideration and extension of earlier modeling efforts has led to the formalization of the so-called Gaussian-noise (GN) model. The evidence collected so far hints at the GN-model as being a relatively simple and, at the same time, sufficiently reliable tool for performance prediction of uncompensated coherent systems, characterized by a favorable accuracy versus complexity trade-off. This paper tries to gather the recent results regarding the GN-model definition, understanding, relations versus other models, validation, limitations, closed form solutions, approximations and, in general, its applications and implications in link analysis and optimization, also within a network environment.

618 citations


Cites background from "Phase noise in photonic communicati..."

  • ...Many approximate fiber non-linear propagation models have been proposed and studied over the years [1]–[45], addressing...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The development of the first practical ('black-box') all-optical regenerator capable of removing both phase and amplitude noise from binary phase-encoded optical communications signals is reported.
Abstract: Fibre-optic communications systems have traditionally carried data using binary (on-off) encoding of the light amplitude. However, next-generation systems will use both the amplitude and phase of the optical carrier to achieve higher spectral efficiencies and thus higher overall data capacities(1,2). Although this approach requires highly complex transmitters and receivers, the increased capacity and many further practical benefits that accrue from a full knowledge of the amplitude and phase of the optical field(3) more than outweigh this additional hardware complexity and can greatly simplify optical network design. However, use of the complex optical field gives rise to a new dominant limitation to system performance-nonlinear phase noise(4,5). Developing a device to remove this noise is therefore of great technical importance. Here, we report the development of the first practical ('black-box') all-optical regenerator capable of removing both phase and amplitude noise from binary phase-encoded optical communications signals.

549 citations


Cites background from "Phase noise in photonic communicati..."

  • ...203" language="eng" relation="no" origsrc="yes"> Nonlinear phase noise arises from nonlinear interactions, mainly as a result of Kerr nonlinearit...

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study soliton propagation in an all-optical, long-distance communications system where fiber loss is periodically compensated by Raman gain and find that distortion of the transmitted pulses from true solitons shows a peak near z 0 = L/8 where L and z 0 are the amplification and soliton periods, respectively.
Abstract: With computer simulation, we study soliton propagation in an all-optical, long-distance communications system where fiber loss is periodically compensated by Raman gain We find that distortion of the transmitted pulses from true solitons shows a peak near z_{0} = L/8 where L and z 0 are the amplification and soliton periods, respectively We also describe optimal system design based on the exceptional pulse stability and low soliton powers obtained in the region z_{0} \gg L/8 Typical amplification periods are in the range 30-50 km, pump powers are less than 100 mW, and for bit rates in the 10 GHz range, time average signal powers are at most a few milliwatts The single-channel rate-length product for error rate less than 10-9is \sim29 000 GHz Km Finally, we show that in the gain-compensated system with wavelength multiplexing, soliton-soliton collisions produce random modulation of individual pulse velocities Nevertheless, multiplexing can yield rate-length products greater than 300 000 GHz km

341 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Emmanuel Desurvire1
TL;DR: The possibility of quantum limited or near quantum limited noise regime for amplification of wavelength division multiplexed signals in erbium doped fiber amplifiers pumped near 980 and 1480 nm is demonstrated.
Abstract: A small signal analysis of the noise figure spectral distribution in erbium doped fiber amplifiers pumped near 980 and 1480 nm is presented. In the case where signal-spontaneous beat noise is the dominant cause of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation, it is shown that noise figures in the +/-0.2-dB range around the 3-dB quantum limit are possible within a spectral band of 50 nm, with the result applying to lambda(p) = 980-nm and lambda(p) = 1460-nm pump wavelengths. For lambda(p) > 1460 nm, a noise figure penalty of 0.5 to 1.2 dB above the quantum limit is found. This study thus demonstrates the possibility of quantum limited or near quantum limited noise regime for amplification of wavelength division multiplexed signals in erbium doped fibers.

54 citations