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Journal ArticleDOI

Phd by thesis

01 Apr 1988-Nature (Nature Publishing Group)-Vol. 332, Iss: 6166, pp 676-676
TL;DR: In this paper, a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) is presented.
Abstract: Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

280 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...Reproduced with permission.[32] Copyright 2019, The Author....

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  • ...Figure 5 shows the field distribution of the first TM-polarized WG mode, TE-polarized WG mode, and SPP mode in an OLED with the structure: ITO (100 nm)/TAPC (50 nm)/CBP: Ir(ppy)2acac (30 nm)/Alq3 (50 nm)/aluminum (100 nm).[32] Here, Ir(ppy)2acac is bis[2-(2-pyridinyl-N)phenyl-C](acetylacetonato)iridium(III)....

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  • ...” Reproduced with permission.[32] Copyright 2019, The Author....

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Journal ArticleDOI
Tony Hoare1
TL;DR: This contribution proposes a set of criteria that distinguish a grand challenge in science or engineering from the many other kinds of short-term or long-term research problems that engage the interest of scientists and engineers.
Abstract: This contribution proposes a set of criteria that distinguish a grand challenge in science or engineering from the many other kinds of short-term or long-term research problems that engage the interest of scientists and engineers. As an example drawn from Computer Science, it revives an old challenge: the construction and application of a verifying compiler that guarantees correctness of a program before running it.

280 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...Early attempts to implement the idea [15] were severely inhibited by the difficulty of proof support with the machines of that day....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the current investigations, developments, and possibilities of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for use in heat pumps is given in this paper, where a large step forward is anticipated in the field of sorption heat pumps.
Abstract: Thermally driven heat pumps can significantly help to minimize primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions generated by industrial or domestic heating and cooling processes. This is achieved by using solar or waste heat as the operating energy rather than electricity or fossil fuels. One of the most promising technologies in this context is based on the evaporation and consecutive adsorption of coolant liquids, preferably water, under specific conditions. The efficiency of this process is first and foremost governed by the microporosity, hydrophilicity, and hydrothermal stability of the sorption material employed. Traditionally, inorganic porous substances like silica gel, aluminophosphates, or zeolites have been investigated for this purpose. However, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as the newest and by far the most capable class of microporous materials in terms of internal surface area and micropore volume as well as structural and chemical variability. With further exploration of hydrothermally stable MOFs, a large step forward in the field of sorption heat pumps is anticipated. In this work, an overview of the current investigations, developments, and possibilities of MOFs for use in heat pumps is given.

278 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...One of the first 3-dimensional porous MOFs, namely 3D-{[Cu3(btc)2(H2O)3]·~10H2O} (btc = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate), also called HKUST-1 or just Cu-BTC, was evaluated for use in heat transformation applications.[11,61,62] HKUST-1 consists of a basic building unit containing two central Cu2+ ions that are coordinated by four trimesate molecules through their carboxylate groups to form the paddlewheel-like structure of copper acetate Cu2(CH3COO)4(H2O)2 (see Figure 5)....

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  • ...2012, 2625–2634 2628 transformation applications have shown their high potential, but also some critical issues.[61] An illustration of the high potential of MOFs for this application is given in Figure 4....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1992
TL;DR: Conversation acts, it will be seen, better account for the success of conversation than speech act theory alone and provide a pragmatic view of meaning in which the literal/non‐literal distinction is simply irrelevant.
Abstract: A linguistic form''s compositional, timeless meaning can be surrounded or even contradicted by various social, aesthetic, or analogistic companion meanings. This paper addresses a series of problems in the structure of spoken language discourse, including turn-taking and grounding. It views these processes as composed of fine-grained actions, which resemble speech acts both in resulting from a computational mechanism of planning and in having a rich relationship to the specific linguistic features which serve to indicate their presence. .pp The resulting notion of Conversation Acts is more general than speech act theory, encompassing not only the traditional speech acts but turn-taking, grounding, and higher-level argumentation acts as well. Furthermore, the traditional speech acts in this scheme become fully joint actions, whose successful performance requires full listener participation. .pp This paper presents a detailed analysis of spoken language dialogue. It shows the role of each class of conversation acts in discourse structure, and discusses how members of each class can be recognized in conversation. Conversation acts, it will be seen, better account for the success of conversation than speech act theory alone.

278 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...The surface actions in DUs #3,#5, and #7 are all clearly check actions in spite oftheir surface declarative form, in virtue of the respective knowledge preconditions [Bunt, 1989; Beun, 1989]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present supersymmetric, tadpole-free d = 4, N = 1 orientifold vacua with a three family chiral fermion spectrum that is identical to that of the standard model.

275 citations


Cites background or methods from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...This formalism has been shown to lead to integer values for all open and closed string particle multiplicities [73]....

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  • ...The annulus amplitude Aiab can be expressed in terms of the fixed point fusion coefficients [73]...

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new family of highly fluorescent indicators has been synthesized for biochemical studies of the physiological role of cytosolic free Ca2+ using an 8-coordinate tetracarboxylate chelating site with stilbene chromophores that offer up to 30-fold brighter fluorescence.

21,582 citations


"Phd by thesis" refers background in this paper

  • ...members of this group were produced by Tsien and colleagues [1, 10, 11]....

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  • ...The introduction of Ca 2+ -sensitive fluorescent dyes more than twenty years ago and their permanent improvement [10] enabled investigators to gain unprecedented insights into the mechanisms of cellular signalling....

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ReportDOI
01 Nov 1990
TL;DR: This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process to illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems.
Abstract: : Successful Software reuse requires the systematic discovery and exploitation of commonality across related software systems. By examining related software systems and the underlying theory of the class of systems they represent, domain analysis can provide a generic description of the requirements of that class of systems and a set of approaches for their implementation. This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process. To illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems, this report will provide a domain analysis of window management system software.

4,420 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The straw person model (SPM) as mentioned in this paper has been proposed to explain the orientation effects of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and quasars in the line of sight (LOS) images.
Abstract: Because the critical central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and quasars are strongly nonspherical but spatially unresolved, orientation effects have been the source of much confusion. In fact, it now appears that much of the variety in AGN types is just the result of varying orientation relative to the line of sight. We can define an extreme hypothesis,, the straw person model (SPM), in which there are two basic types of AGN: the radio quiets and the radio louds. For each type there is a range in intrinsic luminosity, and the luminosity controls some properties such as the Fanaroff and Riley classes. However, at a given intrinsic luminosity, all other properties such as spectroscopic classification and VLBI component speeds are ascribed to orientation. This model is only a caricature of the unification idea, and is already ruled out on many grounds, but it will be useful for organizing the discussion. I’ll describe what I consider to be convincing evidence that orientation effects are important and widespread. The true situation may be in some sense half way between the SPM and the hypothesis that orientation doesn’t affect classification at aIl. To us optimists, the orienration cup is half full rather than half empty. Although it is too soon to say for sure, the hypothesis that most objects’ classifications would be different if seen from other directions is a tenable one today.

4,005 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
Abstract: Cellulose fibrils with widths in the nanometer range are nature-based materials with unique and potentially useful features. Most importantly, these novel nanocelluloses open up the strongly expanding fields of sustainable materials and nanocomposites, as well as medical and life-science devices, to the natural polymer cellulose. The nanodimensions of the structural elements result in a high surface area and hence the powerful interaction of these celluloses with surrounding species, such as water, organic and polymeric compounds, nanoparticles, and living cells. This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.

3,452 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a protecting layer formed on the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries as a result of electrolyte decomposition, mainly during the first cycle as discussed by the authors.

2,386 citations