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Journal ArticleDOI

Phd by thesis

01 Apr 1988-Nature (Nature Publishing Group)-Vol. 332, Iss: 6166, pp 676-676
TL;DR: In this paper, a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) is presented.
Abstract: Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the field of cluster beam interaction with solids, focusing on the impact phenomena, and discuss the physics of the cluster-surface interaction depending on the kinetic energy.

220 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...a very similar dependence as seen for the monomer ions [285]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This minireview focuses mainly on the discovery of ferroquine, which has emerged from a collaborative French discovery project, and efforts to understand its mechanism of action and resistance.
Abstract: A convenient approach to antimalarial drug discovery is the use of the organic scaffold of a known antimalarial drug and an organometallic moiety to alter its unwanted properties and/or to optimize its initial effects. This minireview focuses mainly on the discovery of ferroquine, which has emerged from a collaborative French discovery project, and efforts to understand its mechanism of action and resistance.WILEY-VCH

219 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...A low in vitro activity was also observed with compound 4 where the quinoline cycle is substituted at the C3 position by Fem....

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  • ...A low in vitro activity was also observed with compound 4 where the quinoline cycle is substituted at the C3 position by Fem.([22]) The bulky ferrocenyl group should sterically hinder the stacking interaction between the quinoline ring and heme....

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  • ...falciparum strains.([22]) The charged species 3 should not be able to cross the membrane....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Theoretical and experimental progress has been made in the last decade in describing the properties of baryons as discussed by the authors, and two nonperturbation methods are privileged frameworks for studying these properties in the low energy domain: chiral perturbation theory and lattice QCD.
Abstract: Theoretical as well as experimental progress has been made in the last decade in describing the properties of baryons. In this review I will mostly report on the theoretical issues. Two non-perturbative methods are privileged frameworks for studying these properties in the low energy domain: chiral perturbation theory, the effective field theory of the Standard Model at energies below 1 GeV and lattice QCD. I will mainly concentrate here on the first one but I will also discuss the complementarity of the two methods. Chiral extrapolations for lattice simulations of some nucleon properties will be investigated. I will then concentrate on processes involving at most two nucleons, describing for example pion-nucleon and pion-deuteron scattering, pion photo- and electroproduction off the nucleon and the deuteron and doubly virtual Compton scattering. Three flavor calculations will also be reviewed.

218 citations


Cites background or methods from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...Gasser and Leutwyler [148, 149] were the first to extend the CHPT framework to a finite volume: it becomes a systematic expansion in both the quark masses and the inverse box size....

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  • ...where the explicit expression for C can be found in [91]....

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  • ...As discussed in detail by Becher and Leutwyler [91], let us look at the convergence of this 1/m expansion in the case of one specific scalar loop function corresponding to the triangle graph shown in Fig....

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  • ...Thus graph 3a is the regular graph and the expression for RG reads: RG = −κ ∫ ∞ 1 dλ [ (1 − λ)2M2π + λ2m2 + 2λ(1 − λ) (m2 +M2π − P 2) 2 ] d 2 −2 (37) which is nothing but the result obtained by Becher and Leutwyler Eq....

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  • ...It was shown in [91] that the procedure just discussed can be viewed as a manifestly Lorentz-invariant alternative regularization thus the name infrared regularization given to it....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the experimental and theoretical results on palladium-based catalysts for selective hydrogenation of alkynes obtained by a number of collaborating groups in a joint multi-method and multi-material approach were discussed.
Abstract: Discussed are the recent experimental and theoretical results on palladium-based catalysts for selective hydrogenation of alkynes obtained by a number of collaborating groups in a joint multi-method and multi-material approach. The critical modification of catalytically active Pd surfaces by incorporation of foreign species X into the sub-surface of Pd metal was observed by in situ spectroscopy for X=H, C under hydrogenation conditions. Under certain conditions (low H2 partial pressure) alkyne fragmentation leads to formation of a PdC surface phase in the reactant gas feed. The insertion of C as a modifier species in the sub-surface increases considerably the selectivity of alkyne semi-hydrogenation over Pd-based catalysts through the decoupling of bulk hydrogen from the outmost active surface layer. DFT calculations confirm that PdC hinders the diffusion of hydridic hydrogen. Its formation is dependent on the chemical potential of carbon (reactant partial pressure) and is suppressed when the hydrogen/alkyne pressure ratio is high, which leads to rather unselective hydrogenation over in situ formed bulk PdH. The beneficial effect of the modifier species X on the selectivity, however, is also present in intermetallic compounds with X=Ga. As a great advantage, such PdxGay catalysts show extended stability under in situ conditions. Metallurgical, clean samples were used to determine the intrinsic catalytic properties of PdGa and Pd3Ga7. For high performance catalysts, supported nanostructured intermetallic compounds are more preferable and partial reduction of Ga2O3, upon heating of Pd/Ga2O3 in hydrogen, was shown to lead to formation of PdGa intermetallic compounds at moderate temperatures. In this way, Pd5Ga2 and Pd2Ga are accessible in the form of supported nanoparticles, in thin film models, and realistic powder samples, respectively.

217 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comparison of the values of the glass transition temperature (T g ) measured on cooling and the limiting temperature ðT 0f Þmeasured on heating as a function of cooling rate is performed for a polystyrene sample using both capillary dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A comparison of the values of the glass transition temperature (T g ) measured on cooling and the limiting fictive temperature ðT 0f Þmeasured on heating as a function of cooling rate is performed for a polystyrene sample using both capillary dilatometry and differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC). The results from both techniques indicate that T 0f is systematically lower than T g presumably due to thebreadth of the relaxation on cooling. The Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan (TNM) model is used to fit the experimental data from dila-tometry and DSC in order to ascertain the origins of the higher value of T g compared to T 0f . 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 64.70.Pf; 65.60.+a; 81.70.Pg; 82.35.LrKeywords: Glass transition; Measurement techniques; Modeling and simulation; Polymers and organics; Calorimetry 1. IntroductionWhen a glass-forming material is cooled from the equi-librium liquid state, molecular mobility decreases withdecreasing temperature; at some point, the time scale forconformational changes becomes comparable to the timescale of cooling and the material deviates from the liquidline and begins to form a glass. The glass transition is,hence, a kinetic rather than a thermodynamic transitionand depends on cooling rate [1,2]. The glass transition tem-perature (T

217 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new family of highly fluorescent indicators has been synthesized for biochemical studies of the physiological role of cytosolic free Ca2+ using an 8-coordinate tetracarboxylate chelating site with stilbene chromophores that offer up to 30-fold brighter fluorescence.

21,582 citations


"Phd by thesis" refers background in this paper

  • ...members of this group were produced by Tsien and colleagues [1, 10, 11]....

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  • ...The introduction of Ca 2+ -sensitive fluorescent dyes more than twenty years ago and their permanent improvement [10] enabled investigators to gain unprecedented insights into the mechanisms of cellular signalling....

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ReportDOI
01 Nov 1990
TL;DR: This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process to illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems.
Abstract: : Successful Software reuse requires the systematic discovery and exploitation of commonality across related software systems. By examining related software systems and the underlying theory of the class of systems they represent, domain analysis can provide a generic description of the requirements of that class of systems and a set of approaches for their implementation. This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process. To illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems, this report will provide a domain analysis of window management system software.

4,420 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The straw person model (SPM) as mentioned in this paper has been proposed to explain the orientation effects of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and quasars in the line of sight (LOS) images.
Abstract: Because the critical central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and quasars are strongly nonspherical but spatially unresolved, orientation effects have been the source of much confusion. In fact, it now appears that much of the variety in AGN types is just the result of varying orientation relative to the line of sight. We can define an extreme hypothesis,, the straw person model (SPM), in which there are two basic types of AGN: the radio quiets and the radio louds. For each type there is a range in intrinsic luminosity, and the luminosity controls some properties such as the Fanaroff and Riley classes. However, at a given intrinsic luminosity, all other properties such as spectroscopic classification and VLBI component speeds are ascribed to orientation. This model is only a caricature of the unification idea, and is already ruled out on many grounds, but it will be useful for organizing the discussion. I’ll describe what I consider to be convincing evidence that orientation effects are important and widespread. The true situation may be in some sense half way between the SPM and the hypothesis that orientation doesn’t affect classification at aIl. To us optimists, the orienration cup is half full rather than half empty. Although it is too soon to say for sure, the hypothesis that most objects’ classifications would be different if seen from other directions is a tenable one today.

4,005 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
Abstract: Cellulose fibrils with widths in the nanometer range are nature-based materials with unique and potentially useful features. Most importantly, these novel nanocelluloses open up the strongly expanding fields of sustainable materials and nanocomposites, as well as medical and life-science devices, to the natural polymer cellulose. The nanodimensions of the structural elements result in a high surface area and hence the powerful interaction of these celluloses with surrounding species, such as water, organic and polymeric compounds, nanoparticles, and living cells. This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.

3,452 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a protecting layer formed on the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries as a result of electrolyte decomposition, mainly during the first cycle as discussed by the authors.

2,386 citations