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Journal ArticleDOI

Phd by thesis

01 Apr 1988-Nature (Nature Publishing Group)-Vol. 332, Iss: 6166, pp 676-676
TL;DR: In this paper, a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) is presented.
Abstract: Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the monotonic and cyclic mechanical behavior of O-temper AZ31B Mg sheet was measured in large-strain tension/compression and simple shear.

897 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...The upper section represents single-crystal data for Mg and dilute U N C O R R E C T E DTable 1Critical resolved shear stresses (CRSS) reported for magnesium and its aluminum–zinc alloyMetals Conditions CRSSbasal (Mpa) CRSStwin (Mpa) CRSSprism (Mpa) CRSStwin/ CRSSbasal CRSSprism/ CRSSbasal Mg SC 0.81a; 0.76b; 0.45c; 0.65d; 0.52e 2f 39.2g 2.5 – 4.4 48 – 87 Mg 0.5 at. pct Zn SC 2.7–2.8h AZ31B PC, VPSC, XRD 45i 15i 110i 0.33i 2.4i AZ31B PC, EPSC, ND 10j 30j 55j 3j 5.5j AZ31B PC, Taylor, XRD 2k 1–2.4k AZ31B PC, TEM 1.1l AZ31B PC, ND, Schmid factor 25–35m AZ61 PC, XRD 1.5–2n Mg 7.7 at. pct Al PC, ND 65–75o SC, single crystal; PC, polycrystal; XRD, X-ray diffraction; ND, neutron diffraction; VPSC, visco-plastic selfconsistent model; EPSC, elasto-plastic self-consistent model; Taylor, Taylor model. a Schmid (1931). b Bakarian and Mathewson (1943). c Burke and Hibbard (1952). d Hsu and Cullity (1954). e Conrad and Robertson (1957). f Reed-Hill and Robertson (1957a,b); Miura (2004). g Reed-Hill and Robertson (1957a,b). h Miura (2004). i Agnew (2002). j Agnew et al. (2003). k Styczynski et al. (2004). l Koike et al. (2003). m Brown et al. (2005). n Koike and Ohyama (2005). o Gharghouri (1997)....

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  • ...…e Conrad and Robertson (1957). f Reed-Hill and Robertson (1957a,b); Miura (2004). g Reed-Hill and Robertson (1957a,b). h Miura (2004). i Agnew (2002). j Agnew et al. (2003). k Styczynski et al. (2004). l Koike et al. (2003). m Brown et al. (2005). n Koike and Ohyama (2005). o Gharghouri (1997)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: LL-37, the only cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide found in humans, is shown to exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and has been found to have additional defensive roles such as regulating the inflammatory response and chemo-attracting cells of the adaptive immune system to wound or infection sites.

896 citations


Cites background or methods from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...MR experiments show that the peptide lies on the membrane surface [150,194]....

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  • ...Analyzing the order parameter profiles using the first-order mean-torque model, material properties of the lipid bilayer were extracted [150,198]....

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  • ...It was found that LL-37 is in random-coil conformation in pure aqueous solution, but adopts partly helical secondary structure in common structureinducing environments [51,150]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of recent studies of QCD Green's functions and their applications in hadronic physics are reviewed. But the issues of gauge fixing, BRS invariance and positivity are briefly discussed, and evidence for the violation of positivity by quarks and transverse gluons in the covariant gauge is collected.
Abstract: Recent studies of QCD Green's functions and their applications in hadronic physics are reviewed. We briefly discuss the issues of gauge fixing, BRS invariance and positivity. Evidence for the violation of positivity by quarks and transverse gluons in the covariant gauge is collected, and it is argued that this is one manifestation of confinement. We summarise the derivation of the Dyson-Schwinger equations (DSEs) of QED and QCD. The influence of instantons on DSEs in a 2-dimensional model is mentioned. Solutions for the Green's functions in QED in 2+1 and 3+1 dimensions provide tests of various schemes to truncate DSEs. We discuss possible extensions to QCD and their limitations. Truncation schemes for DSEs of QCD are discussed in the axial gauge and in the Landau gauge. We review the available results from a systematic non-perturbative expansion scheme established for Landau gauge QCD. Comparisons to related lattice results, where available, are presented. The applications of QCD Green's functions to hadron physics are summarized. Properties of ground state mesons are discussed on the basis of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for quarks and antiquarks. The Goldstone nature of pseudoscalar mesons and mechanisms of diquark confinement are reviewed. We discuss some properties of ground state baryons based on their description as Bethe-Salpeter/Faddeev bound states of quark-diquark correlations in the quantum field theory of confined quarks and gluons.

876 citations


Cites background or methods from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...Studies of singularities of the fermion propagator in the complex p(2) plane are available only for solutions to fermion DSEs with assuming different Ansätze for the photon polarization and the fermion-photon vertex [203,52]....

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  • ...[203,52] it seems safe to conclude that the fermion propagator of three-dimensional QED in the confining phase violates reflection positivity....

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  • ...Not too surprisingly, however, the locations of the poles then depend strongly on the Ansatz for the vertex function [203]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical analysis of neutron star structure, including general relativistic limits to mass, compactness, and spin rates, is presented. But the authors focus on the state of the interiors and the key unknowns: the typical neutron star radius and the maximum mass.
Abstract: We investigate how current and proposed observations of neutron stars can lead to an understanding of the state of their interiors and the key unknowns: the typical neutron star radius and the neutron star maximum mass. A theoretical analysis of neutron star structure, including general relativistic limits to mass, compactness, and spin rates is made. We consider observations made not only with photons, ranging from radio waves to X-rays, but also those involving neutrinos and gravity waves. We detail how precision determinations of structural properties would lead to significant restrictions on the poorly understood equation of state near and beyond the equilibrium density of nuclear matter.

854 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...To understand what aspects of the EOS and structure can be probed by neutrinos, we examine some analytic models for proto-neutron star evolution [133, 136]....

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  • ...[136] shows that suitable approximations are then...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review describes some recent, unexpected findings concerning variation in spatial language across cultures and places them in the context of the general anthropology of space on the one hand, and theories of spatial cognition in the cognitive sciences on the other.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract This review describes some recent, unexpected findings concerning variation in spatial language across cultures, and places them in the context of the general anthropology of space on the one hand, and theories of spatial cognition in the cognitive sciences on the other. There has been much concern with the symbolism of space in anthropological writings, but little on concepts of space in practical activities. This neglect of everyday spatial notions may be due to unwitting ethnocentrism, the assumption in Western thinking generally that notions of space are universally of a single kind. Recent work shows that systems of spatial reckoning and description can in fact be quite divergent across cultures, linguistic differences correlating with distinct cognitive tendencies. This unexpected cultural variation raises interesting questions concerning the relation between cultural and linguistic concepts and the biological foundations of cognition. It argues for more sophisticated models relating cult...

853 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...[Nam, 1995] claims that a directional locative may be oriented towards the subject or towards the object....

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  • ...3, taken from [Nam, 1995] summarises the facts for English....

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  • ...The notion of path is the simplest; it is the most commonly employed one (see [Nam, 1995], [Zwarts, 2005b] and references therein)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new family of highly fluorescent indicators has been synthesized for biochemical studies of the physiological role of cytosolic free Ca2+ using an 8-coordinate tetracarboxylate chelating site with stilbene chromophores that offer up to 30-fold brighter fluorescence.

21,582 citations


"Phd by thesis" refers background in this paper

  • ...members of this group were produced by Tsien and colleagues [1, 10, 11]....

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  • ...The introduction of Ca 2+ -sensitive fluorescent dyes more than twenty years ago and their permanent improvement [10] enabled investigators to gain unprecedented insights into the mechanisms of cellular signalling....

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ReportDOI
01 Nov 1990
TL;DR: This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process to illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems.
Abstract: : Successful Software reuse requires the systematic discovery and exploitation of commonality across related software systems. By examining related software systems and the underlying theory of the class of systems they represent, domain analysis can provide a generic description of the requirements of that class of systems and a set of approaches for their implementation. This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process. To illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems, this report will provide a domain analysis of window management system software.

4,420 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The straw person model (SPM) as mentioned in this paper has been proposed to explain the orientation effects of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and quasars in the line of sight (LOS) images.
Abstract: Because the critical central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and quasars are strongly nonspherical but spatially unresolved, orientation effects have been the source of much confusion. In fact, it now appears that much of the variety in AGN types is just the result of varying orientation relative to the line of sight. We can define an extreme hypothesis,, the straw person model (SPM), in which there are two basic types of AGN: the radio quiets and the radio louds. For each type there is a range in intrinsic luminosity, and the luminosity controls some properties such as the Fanaroff and Riley classes. However, at a given intrinsic luminosity, all other properties such as spectroscopic classification and VLBI component speeds are ascribed to orientation. This model is only a caricature of the unification idea, and is already ruled out on many grounds, but it will be useful for organizing the discussion. I’ll describe what I consider to be convincing evidence that orientation effects are important and widespread. The true situation may be in some sense half way between the SPM and the hypothesis that orientation doesn’t affect classification at aIl. To us optimists, the orienration cup is half full rather than half empty. Although it is too soon to say for sure, the hypothesis that most objects’ classifications would be different if seen from other directions is a tenable one today.

4,005 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
Abstract: Cellulose fibrils with widths in the nanometer range are nature-based materials with unique and potentially useful features. Most importantly, these novel nanocelluloses open up the strongly expanding fields of sustainable materials and nanocomposites, as well as medical and life-science devices, to the natural polymer cellulose. The nanodimensions of the structural elements result in a high surface area and hence the powerful interaction of these celluloses with surrounding species, such as water, organic and polymeric compounds, nanoparticles, and living cells. This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.

3,452 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a protecting layer formed on the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries as a result of electrolyte decomposition, mainly during the first cycle as discussed by the authors.

2,386 citations