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Journal ArticleDOI

Phd by thesis

01 Apr 1988-Nature (Nature Publishing Group)-Vol. 332, Iss: 6166, pp 676-676
TL;DR: In this paper, a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) is presented.
Abstract: Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: PARADISE (PARAdigm for DIalogue System Evaluation), a general framework for evaluating and comparing the performance of spoken dialogue agents, is presented and can be used both for making predictions about future versions of an agent, and as feedback to the agent so that the agent can learn to optimize its behaviour based on its experiences with users over time.

173 citations


Cites methods from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...In previous work, Walker proposed that the performance value Pi can be used as the agent tness function in a genetic algorithm (a type of reinforcement learning algorithm) [Walker, 1993]....

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  • ...Following [Walker, 1993], performance is modeled as a weighted function of a task-based success measure and dialogue-based cost measures....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a torsionally constrained polymer is modeled as a fluctuating rod with bend stiffness AkBT and twist stiffness CkBT, and an experimental determination of the microscopic twist stiffness is obtained using C = 109 nm.
Abstract: We investigate the statistical mechanics of a torsionally constrained polymer. The polymer is modeled as a fluctuating rod with bend stiffness AkBT and twist stiffness CkBT. In such a model, thermal bend fluctuations couple geometrically to an applied torque through the relation Lk = Tw + Wr. We explore this coupling and find agreement between the predictions of our model and recent experimental results on single λ-DNA molecules. This analysis affords an experimental determination of the microscopic twist stiffness (averaged over a helix repeat). Quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is obtained using C = 109 nm (i.e., twist rigidity CkBT = 4.5 × 10-19 erg cm). The theory further predicts a thermal reduction of the effective twist rigidity induced by bend fluctuations. Finally, we find a small reflection of molecular chirality in the experimental data and interpret it in terms of a twist−stretch coupling of the DNA duplex.

173 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the polymer melt elongation properties on the row-nucleated lamellar crystallization was investigated and the role of annealing and stretching parameters was also investigated.

172 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...Some authors found that a slight tension during annealing is effective [2], improving orientation, but in our case we did not observe any significant improvement....

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  • ...One technique, which is applicable to semicrystalline polymers, is based on the stretching of a thin film with a row nucleated lamellar structure [2]....

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  • ...This has also been reported for PE films [2]....

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  • ...Yu [2] studied the development of high density polyethylene (HDPE) membranes....

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  • ...Yu [2] also showed that annealing under a slight tension (3% strain) was more effective for lamellae thickening....

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Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, two ways to construct framed bicategories are described, one is an analogue of rings and bimodules, which starts from one framed category and builds another, and the other is a monoidal fibration, meaning a parametrized family of monoidal categories.
Abstract: In some bicategories, the 1-cells are `morphisms' between the 0-cells, such as functors between categories, but in others they are `objects' over the 0-cells, such as bimodules, spans, distributors, or parametrized spectra Many bicategorical notions do not work well in these cases, because the `morphisms between 0-cells', such as ring homomorphisms, are missing We can include them by using a pseudo double category, but usually these morphisms also induce base change functors acting on the 1-cells We avoid complicated coherence problems by describing base change `nonalgebraically', using categorical fibrations The resulting `framed bicategories' assemble into 2-categories, with attendant notions of equivalence, adjunction, and so on which are more appropriate for our examples than are the usual bicategorical ones We then describe two ways to construct framed bicategories One is an analogue of rings and bimodules which starts from one framed bicategory and builds another The other starts from a `monoidal fibration', meaning a parametrized family of monoidal categories, and produces an analogue of the framed bicategory of spans Combining the two, we obtain a construction which includes both enriched and internal categories as special cases

172 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The design of DyC is presented, a dynamic-compilation system for C based on run-time specialization that supports program-point-specific polyvariant division and specialization, and initial results have been promising.

171 citations


Cites background from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...One advantage that `C does have is that the programmer can easily implement a variety of dispatching mechanisms, which may be important in exploiting certain opportunities for dynamic compilation, such as data decompression [Keppel 96]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new family of highly fluorescent indicators has been synthesized for biochemical studies of the physiological role of cytosolic free Ca2+ using an 8-coordinate tetracarboxylate chelating site with stilbene chromophores that offer up to 30-fold brighter fluorescence.

21,582 citations


"Phd by thesis" refers background in this paper

  • ...members of this group were produced by Tsien and colleagues [1, 10, 11]....

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  • ...The introduction of Ca 2+ -sensitive fluorescent dyes more than twenty years ago and their permanent improvement [10] enabled investigators to gain unprecedented insights into the mechanisms of cellular signalling....

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ReportDOI
01 Nov 1990
TL;DR: This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process to illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems.
Abstract: : Successful Software reuse requires the systematic discovery and exploitation of commonality across related software systems. By examining related software systems and the underlying theory of the class of systems they represent, domain analysis can provide a generic description of the requirements of that class of systems and a set of approaches for their implementation. This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process. To illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems, this report will provide a domain analysis of window management system software.

4,420 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The straw person model (SPM) as mentioned in this paper has been proposed to explain the orientation effects of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and quasars in the line of sight (LOS) images.
Abstract: Because the critical central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and quasars are strongly nonspherical but spatially unresolved, orientation effects have been the source of much confusion. In fact, it now appears that much of the variety in AGN types is just the result of varying orientation relative to the line of sight. We can define an extreme hypothesis,, the straw person model (SPM), in which there are two basic types of AGN: the radio quiets and the radio louds. For each type there is a range in intrinsic luminosity, and the luminosity controls some properties such as the Fanaroff and Riley classes. However, at a given intrinsic luminosity, all other properties such as spectroscopic classification and VLBI component speeds are ascribed to orientation. This model is only a caricature of the unification idea, and is already ruled out on many grounds, but it will be useful for organizing the discussion. I’ll describe what I consider to be convincing evidence that orientation effects are important and widespread. The true situation may be in some sense half way between the SPM and the hypothesis that orientation doesn’t affect classification at aIl. To us optimists, the orienration cup is half full rather than half empty. Although it is too soon to say for sure, the hypothesis that most objects’ classifications would be different if seen from other directions is a tenable one today.

4,005 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
Abstract: Cellulose fibrils with widths in the nanometer range are nature-based materials with unique and potentially useful features. Most importantly, these novel nanocelluloses open up the strongly expanding fields of sustainable materials and nanocomposites, as well as medical and life-science devices, to the natural polymer cellulose. The nanodimensions of the structural elements result in a high surface area and hence the powerful interaction of these celluloses with surrounding species, such as water, organic and polymeric compounds, nanoparticles, and living cells. This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.

3,452 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a protecting layer formed on the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries as a result of electrolyte decomposition, mainly during the first cycle as discussed by the authors.

2,386 citations