Phd by thesis
TL;DR: In this paper, a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) is presented.
Abstract: Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These
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TL;DR: An overview of the application of atomic force microscopy for the investigation of bacterial biofilms focusing on specific studies related to metallic surfaces such as stainless steel and copper alloys in freshwater and marine environments is provided in this article.
156 citations
Cites background or methods from "Phd by thesis"
...Nanoindentation measurements have been used to investigate the elastic properties of the copperresistant marine bacterium Sphingomonas (formerly Pseudomonas) paucimobilis, isolated from biofilms developed on copper panels exposed in Langstone Harbour, Portsmouth, UK, and grown in different concentrations of copper(II) ions [56,57]....
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...The difference between the two curves gives a measure of indentation (triangles) [56]....
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...The stiffness of the cells when grown in the copper-rich medium (as typified by the gradients of the force– indentation curves extracted from points 5–8) was found to be significantly reduced compared with those grown in their absence (points 1–4) [56]....
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TL;DR: The question of rare configurations where the two nucleons overlap and loose their identity is still under debate as mentioned in this paper, and it is still looking for the elusive effects of quarks in the nuclear structure.
Abstract: Diplon, deuton, deuteron: under different names, the nucleus of deuterium, or diplogen, has been the subject of intense studies since its discovery in 1932. As the only two-nucleon bound state, its properties have continuously been viewed as important in nuclear theory as the hydrogen atom is in atomic theory. Yet, ambiguities remain in the relativistic description of this system and the two-nucleon picture is incomplete: meson exchange and nucleon excitation into resonances should be considered in the deuteron description. The question of rare configurations where the two nucleons overlap and loose their identity is still under debate. We are still looking for the elusive effects of quarks in the nuclear structure.
156 citations
Cites background from "Phd by thesis"
...3 (GeV/c)(2) from the same experiment will soon be available [100]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, active and selective catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2 to mainly fuel-type higher hydrocarbons were developed by application of an evolutionary strategy, where Fe and K supported on TiO2 and modified by Cu plus other modifiers resulted in highest selectivity for C5-C15 hydrocarbon.
Abstract: New active and selective catalyst compositions for the hydrogenation of CO2 to mainly fuel-type higher hydrocarbons were developed by application of an evolutionary strategy. It was shown that Fe and K supported on TiO2 and modified by Cu plus other modifiers resulted in highest selectivity for C5–C15 hydrocarbons at high degrees of CO2 conversion. Co containing catalysts were less suited since they produced methane and light hydrocarbons with high selectivities. A detailed study of reaction conditions showed that selected catalyst compositions were able to reach high CO2 conversion with still low selectivities to methane at higher reaction temperatures and a higher H2/CO2 ratio.
155 citations
TL;DR: Simulation by lattice Boltzmann of nonequilibrium steady states of run-and-tumble particles, interacting by far-field hydrodynamics, subject to confinement, inspired by a minimal model of bacteria.
Abstract: We simulate by lattice Boltzmann the nonequilibrium steady states of run-and-tumble particles (inspired by a minimal model of bacteria), interacting by far-field hydrodynamics, subject to confinement. Under gravity, hydrodynamic interactions barely perturb the steady state found without them, but for particles in a harmonic trap such a state is quite changed if the run length is larger than the confinement length: a self-assembled pump is formed. Particles likewise confined in a narrow channel show a generic upstream flux in Poiseuille flow: chiral swimming is not required.
155 citations
Cites background from "Phd by thesis"
...(This can also be explained by expanding in such harmonics the flow arising from a nonuniform shell of point forces [15]....
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...Notably the same instability is present for contractile rather than extensile swimmers [15]....
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...where γ is the effective friction coefficient of the swimmer [15], fp the propulsive force of the swimmer and ft the trapping force....
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TL;DR: Research in this area offers the possibility of improving the bioavailability of existing drugs, enabling the delivery of new cargoes and drug candidates, and accessing difficult sites for cell penetration, all of which could dramatically enhance human therapy and the fundamental understanding of living systems.
Abstract: Biological barriers are of fundamental importance in understanding evolution, systems biology, and the prevention, ACHTUNGTRENNUNGdetection, and treatment of disease. Methods to enhance or ACHTUNGTRENNUNGcontrol selective passage of therapeutics or probes into or through such barriers are a key to the future of drug therapy and many fundamental advances in science. Research in this area offers the possibility of improving the bioavailability of existing drugs, enabling the delivery of new cargoes and drug candidates (e.g. , RNAi, shRNA, DNA, proteins, imaging agents, and sensors), accessing difficult sites (e.g. , the blood–brain barrier and eye), achieving tissueor cell-selective entry, modulating the activity of agents and controlling their release, and avoiding or minimizing toxicity and metabolism—all of which could dramatically enhance human therapy and our fundamental understanding of living systems. Biological barriers have evolved to perform many functions. They provide compartmentalization and are critical to the ACHTUNGTRENNUNGselective import, concentration, and export of compounds needed for sustenance, protection, movement, adherence, and replication. However, these very functions often present a formidable challenge for chemotherapy, limiting or precluding the uptake, and therefore the therapeutic benefit, of a variety of drugs. The perceived effectiveness of barriers is so great that most approaches to drug design select only drug candidates that fall into a rather narrow logP range so as to allow passage of the molecule through the polar extracellular milieu and diffusion across the relatively nonpolar membrane of a cell. A not uncommon view is that polar molecules cannot cross the nonpolar membrane of a cell. Reinforcing these selection criteria are the problems often encountered with molecules that fall outside of the preferred logP range. Poorly water-soluble taxol, for example, must be formulated in ethanol :Cremophor EL, and, at the other end of the polarity range, charged polar molecules, like oligonucleotides, often must be modified into less polar analogues to achieve cellular uptake. Thus, while much emphasis in recent years has been placed on “diversity” in drug discovery, many drug discovery strategies achieve only structural diversity while maintaining physical property (logP) homogeneity. In contrast, Nature utilizes molecules that cover a wide range of physical properties and structural diversity, offering important inspirations for new approaches to cell entry and hence to drug delivery. Several physical and molecular techniques have been developed over the years to enable drug or probe uptake into cells and tissue. The needle is one of the most commonly used devices for this purpose, although high pressure injections and other mechanical techniques have also been deployed more recently. Molecular approaches to enable or enhance drug uptake have traditionally centered on adjusting the physical properties of the drug candidate through the synthesis of numerous analogues from which those with optimal logP and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) characteristics are selected for advancement. This is a synthesis and time intensive exercise, as often hundreds if not thousands of analogues are made before an optimal candidate is identified. The time and effort involved in this approach have contributed to the increasing interest in other strategies. Encapsulation of drugs, even those with suboptimal physical properties, by using, for example, liposomes, provides an increasingly important means of overriding the problematic solubility characteristics of a drug candidate while often also offering advantages with respect to distribution and metabolism. Nature provides inspiration for other strategies for cell penetration as it has evolved a wide variety of delivery techniques ranging from the remarkably exquisite mechanism of fertilization to various entry mechanisms, including macropinocytosis, clathrinand caveolin-mediated entry, and receptor-mediated uptake. Folate, for example, is actively imported into cells. By attaching folic acid to a drug that cannot enter cells, or does so only poorly, a conjugate can be prepared that readily enters
155 citations
Cites background from "Phd by thesis"
...Concurrent with the above studies in which guanidinium groups are attached to a linear backbone, we investigated the synthesis and performance of transporters based on a dendrimeric backbone to examine the effect of branching on cellular uptake.([43,44])...
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References
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TL;DR: A new family of highly fluorescent indicators has been synthesized for biochemical studies of the physiological role of cytosolic free Ca2+ using an 8-coordinate tetracarboxylate chelating site with stilbene chromophores that offer up to 30-fold brighter fluorescence.
21,582 citations
"Phd by thesis" refers background in this paper
...members of this group were produced by Tsien and colleagues [1, 10, 11]....
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...The introduction of Ca 2+ -sensitive fluorescent dyes more than twenty years ago and their permanent improvement [10] enabled investigators to gain unprecedented insights into the mechanisms of cellular signalling....
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01 Nov 1990
TL;DR: This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process to illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems.
Abstract: : Successful Software reuse requires the systematic discovery and exploitation of commonality across related software systems. By examining related software systems and the underlying theory of the class of systems they represent, domain analysis can provide a generic description of the requirements of that class of systems and a set of approaches for their implementation. This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process. To illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems, this report will provide a domain analysis of window management system software.
4,420 citations
TL;DR: The straw person model (SPM) as mentioned in this paper has been proposed to explain the orientation effects of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and quasars in the line of sight (LOS) images.
Abstract: Because the critical central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and quasars are strongly nonspherical but spatially unresolved, orientation effects have been the source of much confusion. In fact, it now appears that much of the variety in AGN types is just the result of varying orientation relative to the line of sight. We can define an extreme hypothesis,, the straw person model (SPM), in which there are two basic types of AGN: the radio quiets and the radio louds. For each type there is a range in intrinsic luminosity, and the luminosity controls some properties such as the Fanaroff and Riley classes. However, at a given intrinsic luminosity, all other properties such as spectroscopic classification and VLBI component speeds are ascribed to orientation. This model is only a caricature of the unification idea, and is already ruled out on many grounds, but it will be useful for organizing the discussion. I’ll describe what I consider to be convincing evidence that orientation effects are important and widespread. The true situation may be in some sense half way between the SPM and the hypothesis that orientation doesn’t affect classification at aIl. To us optimists, the orienration cup is half full rather than half empty. Although it is too soon to say for sure, the hypothesis that most objects’ classifications would be different if seen from other directions is a tenable one today.
4,005 citations
TL;DR: This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
Abstract: Cellulose fibrils with widths in the nanometer range are nature-based materials with unique and potentially useful features. Most importantly, these novel nanocelluloses open up the strongly expanding fields of sustainable materials and nanocomposites, as well as medical and life-science devices, to the natural polymer cellulose. The nanodimensions of the structural elements result in a high surface area and hence the powerful interaction of these celluloses with surrounding species, such as water, organic and polymeric compounds, nanoparticles, and living cells. This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
3,452 citations
TL;DR: The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a protecting layer formed on the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries as a result of electrolyte decomposition, mainly during the first cycle as discussed by the authors.
2,386 citations