Phd by thesis
TL;DR: In this paper, a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) is presented.
Abstract: Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These
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01 Nov 1990
TL;DR: This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process to illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems.
Abstract: : Successful Software reuse requires the systematic discovery and exploitation of commonality across related software systems. By examining related software systems and the underlying theory of the class of systems they represent, domain analysis can provide a generic description of the requirements of that class of systems and a set of approaches for their implementation. This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process. To illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems, this report will provide a domain analysis of window management system software.
4,420 citations
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TL;DR: The straw person model (SPM) as mentioned in this paper has been proposed to explain the orientation effects of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and quasars in the line of sight (LOS) images.
Abstract: Because the critical central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and quasars are strongly nonspherical but spatially unresolved, orientation effects have been the source of much confusion. In fact, it now appears that much of the variety in AGN types is just the result of varying orientation relative to the line of sight. We can define an extreme hypothesis,, the straw person model (SPM), in which there are two basic types of AGN: the radio quiets and the radio louds. For each type there is a range in intrinsic luminosity, and the luminosity controls some properties such as the Fanaroff and Riley classes. However, at a given intrinsic luminosity, all other properties such as spectroscopic classification and VLBI component speeds are ascribed to orientation. This model is only a caricature of the unification idea, and is already ruled out on many grounds, but it will be useful for organizing the discussion. I’ll describe what I consider to be convincing evidence that orientation effects are important and widespread. The true situation may be in some sense half way between the SPM and the hypothesis that orientation doesn’t affect classification at aIl. To us optimists, the orienration cup is half full rather than half empty. Although it is too soon to say for sure, the hypothesis that most objects’ classifications would be different if seen from other directions is a tenable one today.
4,005 citations
Cites methods from "Phd by thesis"
...Kay (1990) and Tran et al (1992) have fo und more Seyfert 2s with broad permitted lines in the polarized fl ux, but the FC polarizations are generally much less than that of NGC 1068....
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TL;DR: This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
Abstract: Cellulose fibrils with widths in the nanometer range are nature-based materials with unique and potentially useful features. Most importantly, these novel nanocelluloses open up the strongly expanding fields of sustainable materials and nanocomposites, as well as medical and life-science devices, to the natural polymer cellulose. The nanodimensions of the structural elements result in a high surface area and hence the powerful interaction of these celluloses with surrounding species, such as water, organic and polymeric compounds, nanoparticles, and living cells. This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
3,452 citations
Cites background or methods from "Phd by thesis"
...b) Spheres formed by agitated cultivation with a shaking rate of 80–100 rpm; diameter: 2–3 mm, smooth surface.([181]) c) Tubes...
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...a) Film prepared in a PP container under static conditions; dimensions: 25 25 cm(2), thickness: 200 mm.([181]) b) Spheres formed by agitated cultivation with a shaking rate of 80–100 rpm; diameter: 2–3 mm, smooth surface....
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TL;DR: The Arcade Learning Environment (ALE) as discussed by the authors is a platform for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology, which provides an interface to hundreds of Atari 2600 game environments, each one different, interesting, and designed to be a challenge for human players.
Abstract: In this article we introduce the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): both a challenge problem and a platform and methodology for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology. ALE provides an interface to hundreds of Atari 2600 game environments, each one different, interesting, and designed to be a challenge for human players. ALE presents significant research challenges for reinforcement learning, model learning, model-based planning, imitation learning, transfer learning, and intrinsic motivation. Most importantly, it provides a rigorous testbed for evaluating and comparing approaches to these problems. We illustrate the promise of ALE by developing and benchmarking domain-independent agents designed using well-established AI techniques for both reinforcement learning and planning. In doing so, we also propose an evaluation methodology made possible by ALE, reporting empirical results on over 55 different games. All of the software, including the benchmark agents, is publicly available.
2,429 citations
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TL;DR: The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a protecting layer formed on the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries as a result of electrolyte decomposition, mainly during the first cycle as discussed by the authors.
2,386 citations
References
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05 Jun 1989TL;DR: The author gives a calculus based on a categorical semantics for computations, which provides a correct basis for proving equivalence of programs, independent from any specific computational model.
Abstract: The lambda -calculus is considered a useful mathematical tool in the study of programming languages. However, if one uses beta eta -conversion to prove equivalence of programs, then a gross simplification is introduced. The author gives a calculus based on a categorical semantics for computations, which provides a correct basis for proving equivalence of programs, independent from any specific computational model. >
957 citations
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TL;DR: A measurement using a one-electron quantum cyclotron gave the electron magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons, g/2=1.001 159 652 180 73 (28) [0.28 ppt], with an uncertainty 2.7 and 15 times smaller than for previous measurements in 2006 and 1987.
Abstract: A measurement using a one-electron quantum cyclotron gives the electron magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons, g/2=1.001 159 652 180 73 (28) [0.28 ppt], with an uncertainty 2.7 and 15 times smaller than for previous measurements in 2006 and 1987. The electron is used as a magnetometer to allow line shape statistics to accumulate, and its spontaneous emission rate determines the correction for its interaction with a cylindrical trap cavity. The new measurement and QED theory determine the fine structure constant, with alpha{-1}=137.035 999 084 (51) [0.37 ppb], and an uncertainty 20 times smaller than for any independent determination of alpha.
946 citations
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: This paper uses maximum entropy techniques for text classification by estimating the conditional distribution of the class variable given the document by comparing accuracy to naive Bayes and showing that maximum entropy is sometimes significantly better, but also sometimes worse.
Abstract: This paper proposes the use of maximum entropy techniques for text classification. Maximum entropy is a probability distribution estimation technique widely used for a variety of natural language tasks, such as language modeling, part-of-speech tagging, and text segmentation. The underlying principle of maximum entropy is that without external knowledge, one should prefer distributions that are uniform. Constraints on the distribution, derived from labeled training data, inform the technique where to be minimally non-uniform. The maximum entropy formulation has a unique solution which can be found by the improved iterative scaling algorithm. In this paper, maximum entropy is used for text classification by estimating the conditional distribution of the class variable given the document. In experiments on several text datasets we compare accuracy to naive Bayes and show that maximum entropy is sometimes significantly better, but also sometimes worse. Much future work remains, but the results indicate that maximum entropy is a promising technique for text classification.
945 citations
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TL;DR: A-MnO2 nanowires give the highest charge storage capacity yet reported for such an electrode, reaching 3000 mAh per gram of carbon, or 505 mAhg 1 if normalized by the total electrode mass, and is compared with other manganese oxide compounds.
Abstract: Charge storage in rechargeable lithium batteries is limited by the positive electrode, usually the lithium intercalation compound LiCoO2, which can store 130 mAhg . Intense efforts are underway worldwide to discover new lithium intercalation compounds for use as positive electrodes which, it is hoped, may deliver specific capacities of about 300 mAhg . However, increasing the capacity significantly beyond this limit is a major challenge requiring a more radical approach, such as replacement of the intercalation electrode by an O2 electrode, in which Li + from the electrolyte and e from the external circuit combine reversibly with O2 from the air within a porous matrix containing a catalyst. Although it provides higher capacities than intercalation electrodes, much fundamental work is required to understand and optimize the performance of the O2 electrode for lithium batteries before it can be considered further for technological application. The nature of the catalyst plays a key role. It is important to identify good catalysts for the electrode reaction before focusing on other tasks, such as reducing the catalyst loading and optimizing porosity, binder, and electrolyte. Herein we show that a-MnO2 nanowires give the highest charge storage capacity yet reported for such an electrode, reaching 3000 mAh per gram of carbon, or 505 mAhg 1 if normalized by the total electrode mass. Furthermore, by avoiding deep discharge, excellent capacity retention has been demonstrated. Finally, the capacities delivered by an O2 electrode and a conventional intercalation compound are compared. The reversible oxygen electrode is shown schematically in Figure 1. On discharge, the Li ions (electrolyte) and e (external circuit) combine with O2 (air) to form Li2O2 within the pores of the porous carbon electrode. Previously, we demonstrated that rechargeability of the Li/O2 cell involves decomposition of Li2O2 back to Li and O2. [8] Our earlier studies on the rechargeable Li/O2 cell focused on electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) as catalyst in the oxygen electrode. Recently, we examined a number of other potential catalyst materials including Co3O4, Fe2O3, CuO, and CoFe2O4. [9] Such investigations served to demonstrate that the nature of the catalyst is a key factor controlling the performance of the oxygen electrode, especially the capacity, which is the primary reason for interest in the O2 electrode. Herein we report on the high capacities that an a-MnO2 nanowire catalyst can deliver. We also compare the performance of a-MnO2 with other manganese oxide compounds. Note that the specific capacities are normalized with respect to the mass of carbon in the electrode, as is usual for porous electrodes; this point is discussed at the end of the paper. Synthesis and characterization of the various MnOx catalysts and their incorporation into lithium cells with porous electrodes is described in the Experimental Section. Powder X-ray diffraction data were collected for all catalysts (see the Supporting Information) and confirmed their identities (a-MnO2 in bulk and nanowire form, b-MnO2 in bulk and nanowire form, g-MnO2, l-MnO2, Mn2O3, and Mn3O4). The variation of capacity with cycle number for a porous electrode containing a-MnO2 nanowires as catalyst is presented in Figure 2a, from which the superior behavior of the a-MnO2 catalyst is evident. The initial discharge capacity is 3000 mAhg , it then drops slightly, rises again to 3100 mAhg 1 on cycle 4, before declining steadily thereafter. This may be contrasted with previous reports for EMD, the capacity of which falls below 1000 mAhg 1 after one cycle (Figure 2a). The variation of potential with state of charge for several cycles of a-MnO2 is shown in Figure 2b. As observed previously for all other catalysts, the discharge voltage is around 2.6 V versus Li/Li. 9] Previous results have demonstrated that the charging potential varies according to the catalyst type. Values ranging from 4 to 4.7 V versus Li/Li have been observed, and a-MnO2 exhibits a charging potential at the lower end of this spectrum, at around 4.0 V. This is another advantage of the a-MnO2 nanowires, since it is important to minimize the charging potential. Note that a-MnO2, and many of the other MnOx compounds described herein, support some Li intercalation. However, Figure 1. Schematic representation of a rechargeable Li/O2 battery.
913 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a basic understanding of the information micro-Raman Spectroscopy (mRS) may yield when applied to nanomaterials, a generic term for describing nano-sized crystals and bulk homogeneous materials with a structural disorder at the nanoscale.
905 citations