Phd by thesis
TL;DR: In this paper, a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) is presented.
Abstract: Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These
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01 Nov 1990
TL;DR: This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process to illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems.
Abstract: : Successful Software reuse requires the systematic discovery and exploitation of commonality across related software systems. By examining related software systems and the underlying theory of the class of systems they represent, domain analysis can provide a generic description of the requirements of that class of systems and a set of approaches for their implementation. This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process. To illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems, this report will provide a domain analysis of window management system software.
4,420 citations
TL;DR: The straw person model (SPM) as mentioned in this paper has been proposed to explain the orientation effects of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and quasars in the line of sight (LOS) images.
Abstract: Because the critical central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and quasars are strongly nonspherical but spatially unresolved, orientation effects have been the source of much confusion. In fact, it now appears that much of the variety in AGN types is just the result of varying orientation relative to the line of sight. We can define an extreme hypothesis,, the straw person model (SPM), in which there are two basic types of AGN: the radio quiets and the radio louds. For each type there is a range in intrinsic luminosity, and the luminosity controls some properties such as the Fanaroff and Riley classes. However, at a given intrinsic luminosity, all other properties such as spectroscopic classification and VLBI component speeds are ascribed to orientation. This model is only a caricature of the unification idea, and is already ruled out on many grounds, but it will be useful for organizing the discussion. I’ll describe what I consider to be convincing evidence that orientation effects are important and widespread. The true situation may be in some sense half way between the SPM and the hypothesis that orientation doesn’t affect classification at aIl. To us optimists, the orienration cup is half full rather than half empty. Although it is too soon to say for sure, the hypothesis that most objects’ classifications would be different if seen from other directions is a tenable one today.
4,005 citations
Cites methods from "Phd by thesis"
...Kay (1990) and Tran et al (1992) have fo und more Seyfert 2s with broad permitted lines in the polarized fl ux, but the FC polarizations are generally much less than that of NGC 1068....
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TL;DR: This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
Abstract: Cellulose fibrils with widths in the nanometer range are nature-based materials with unique and potentially useful features. Most importantly, these novel nanocelluloses open up the strongly expanding fields of sustainable materials and nanocomposites, as well as medical and life-science devices, to the natural polymer cellulose. The nanodimensions of the structural elements result in a high surface area and hence the powerful interaction of these celluloses with surrounding species, such as water, organic and polymeric compounds, nanoparticles, and living cells. This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
3,452 citations
Cites background or methods from "Phd by thesis"
...b) Spheres formed by agitated cultivation with a shaking rate of 80–100 rpm; diameter: 2–3 mm, smooth surface.([181]) c) Tubes...
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...a) Film prepared in a PP container under static conditions; dimensions: 25 25 cm(2), thickness: 200 mm.([181]) b) Spheres formed by agitated cultivation with a shaking rate of 80–100 rpm; diameter: 2–3 mm, smooth surface....
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TL;DR: The Arcade Learning Environment (ALE) as discussed by the authors is a platform for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology, which provides an interface to hundreds of Atari 2600 game environments, each one different, interesting, and designed to be a challenge for human players.
Abstract: In this article we introduce the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): both a challenge problem and a platform and methodology for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology. ALE provides an interface to hundreds of Atari 2600 game environments, each one different, interesting, and designed to be a challenge for human players. ALE presents significant research challenges for reinforcement learning, model learning, model-based planning, imitation learning, transfer learning, and intrinsic motivation. Most importantly, it provides a rigorous testbed for evaluating and comparing approaches to these problems. We illustrate the promise of ALE by developing and benchmarking domain-independent agents designed using well-established AI techniques for both reinforcement learning and planning. In doing so, we also propose an evaluation methodology made possible by ALE, reporting empirical results on over 55 different games. All of the software, including the benchmark agents, is publicly available.
2,429 citations
TL;DR: The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a protecting layer formed on the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries as a result of electrolyte decomposition, mainly during the first cycle as discussed by the authors.
2,386 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the KASCADE-Grande air-shower data was used to reconstruct the energy spectra of different mass groups by unfolding methods over an energy range where the detector is fully efficient.
178 citations
TL;DR: The results on the condensation of 1,4phthalazinediones with heteroarylacetonitriles in POCl3 prompted us to carry out the reaction with diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs), and the 4(N-methyl-N-octyl amino) derivative 1e has a much better solubility than all the other DPPs used.
Abstract: Our research activities over the last few decades have concerned correlations between molecular structure and fluorescence. 2] A central theme of the research has been the synthesis and spectroscopic investigations of near-infrared (NIR) dyes to get insights into what degree the obtainable fluorescence quantum yields are restricted by the S0$S1 energy gap. Our results on the condensation of 1,4phthalazinediones with heteroarylacetonitriles in POCl3 prompted us to carry out the reaction with diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs) 1. Herein we report the results of the investigations. To date, attempts to activate the carbonyl group of DPPs with POCl3, and to subsequently convert the intermediates with nucleophiles, only led to monosubstitution or to ring opening. 10] The reaction of 1 and 2 in refluxing toluene with an excess of POCl3 according to Scheme 1 afforded disubstituted NIR dyes 3. The progress of the reaction was controlled by recording absorption spectra and stopping the heating as soon as the DPP was used up and/or products absorbing at short wavelengths appeared. Purification was carried out by digesting the product in acetone and subsequent flash chromatography (silica gel/CHCl3 or CH2Cl2). The NIR dyes 3a–3h (the structures and spectroscopic data of 3b–3h can be found in the Supporting Information) were synthesized according to this procedure (Scheme 1) from the reaction of 1 and 2. The course of the reactions was the same in all cases and side-products with strong absorptions below 350 nm were observed. These side-products are most likely compounds formed by the opening of the DPPs pentalene ring system. Prerequisite for the reactions is a certain solubility of the DPPs. This is a feature of all of the DPPs used here with the exception of the 4-methoxy derivative 1b. Remarkably, the 4(N-methyl-N-octyl amino) derivative 1e has a much better solubility than all the other DPPs used. Only in the case of the reaction of 1e with 2a were we able to isolate the 1:1 condensation product (13% yield). The heteroarylacetonitriles 2a and 2b substituted with a tert-butyl group were used to improve the solubility of the condensation products 3. In general, satisfying yields were obtained only if the solubility of both condensation partners was improved by having longer alkyl groups (Table 1). From these observations we draw the following conclusion concerning the reaction pathway: DPP reacts with POCl3 to form a monophosphorylated intermediate, which reacts with the Scheme 1. Reagents and conditions: a) absolute toluene/POCl3, reflux; b) 1,2-dichlorobenzene/BF3·Et2O, reflux, diisopropylethylamine; c) xylene/chlorodiphenylborane, reflux; DPPs 1: R=4-octyloxy (1a), R=4-methoxy (1b), R=4-butyloxy (1c), R=4-(hex-5-enyloxy) (1d), R=4-(N-methyl-N-octylamino) (1e); heteroarylacetonitriles 2 : 2-(6tert-butylquinolin-2-yl)acetonitrile (2a), 2-(6-tert-butylbenzothiazol-2yl)acetonitrile (2b), 2-(quinoxalin-2-yl)acetonitrile (2c), 2-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)acetonitrile (2d). A: aromatic ring.
177 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the full evaluation of a cold-atom gyroscope based on atom interferometry and demonstrated that the acceleration noise can be efficiently removed from the rotation signal, allowing them to reach the fundamental limit of the quantum projection noise for short term measurements.
Abstract: We present the full evaluation of a cold-atom gyroscope based on atom interferometry. We have performed extensive studies to determine the systematic errors, scale factor and sensitivity. We demonstrate that the acceleration noise can be efficiently removed from the rotation signal, allowing us to reach the fundamental limit of the quantum projection noise for short term measurements. The technical limits to the long term sensitivity and accuracy have been identified, clearing the way for the next generation of ultrasensitive atom gyroscopes.
176 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new global fit of available β-decay data is performed incorporating, for the first time in a consistent way, superallowed $0+to 0+$ transitions, neutron decay and nuclear decays.
Abstract: The status of tests of the standard electroweak model and of searches for new physics in allowed nuclear $\beta$ decay and neutron decay is reviewed including both theoretical and experimental developments. The sensitivity and complementarity of recent and ongoing experiments are discussed with emphasis on their potential to look for new physics. Measurements are interpreted using a model-independent effective field theory approach enabling to recast the outcome of the analysis in many specific new physics models. Special attention is given to the connection that this approach establishes with high-energy physics. A new global fit of available $\beta$-decay data is performed incorporating, for the first time in a consistent way, superallowed $0^+\to 0^+$ transitions, neutron decay and nuclear decays. The constraints on exotic scalar and tensor couplings involving left- or right-handed neutrinos are determined while a constraint on the pseudoscalar coupling from neutron decay data is obtained for the first time as well. The values of the vector and axial-vector couplings, which are associated within the standard model to $V_{ud}$ and $g_A$ respectively, are also updated. The ratio between the axial and vector couplings obtained from the fit under standard model assumptions is $C_A/C_V = -1.27510(66)$. The relevance of the various experimental inputs and error sources is critically discussed and the impact of ongoing measurements is studied. The complementarity of the obtained bounds with other low- and high-energy probes is presented including ongoing searches at the Large Hadron Collider.
175 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new concept to circumvent some of the problems that are hindering a rational metallic catalyst development is introduced, which employs well-defined, ordered and in-situ stable unsupported intermetallic compounds.
175 citations