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Journal ArticleDOI

Phd by thesis

01 Apr 1988-Nature (Nature Publishing Group)-Vol. 332, Iss: 6166, pp 676-676
TL;DR: In this paper, a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) is presented.
Abstract: Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

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Citations
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ReportDOI
01 Nov 1990
TL;DR: This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process to illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems.
Abstract: : Successful Software reuse requires the systematic discovery and exploitation of commonality across related software systems. By examining related software systems and the underlying theory of the class of systems they represent, domain analysis can provide a generic description of the requirements of that class of systems and a set of approaches for their implementation. This report will establish methods for performing a domain analysis and describe the products of the domain analysis process. To illustrate the application of domain analysis to a representative class of software systems, this report will provide a domain analysis of window management system software.

4,420 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The straw person model (SPM) as mentioned in this paper has been proposed to explain the orientation effects of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and quasars in the line of sight (LOS) images.
Abstract: Because the critical central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and quasars are strongly nonspherical but spatially unresolved, orientation effects have been the source of much confusion. In fact, it now appears that much of the variety in AGN types is just the result of varying orientation relative to the line of sight. We can define an extreme hypothesis,, the straw person model (SPM), in which there are two basic types of AGN: the radio quiets and the radio louds. For each type there is a range in intrinsic luminosity, and the luminosity controls some properties such as the Fanaroff and Riley classes. However, at a given intrinsic luminosity, all other properties such as spectroscopic classification and VLBI component speeds are ascribed to orientation. This model is only a caricature of the unification idea, and is already ruled out on many grounds, but it will be useful for organizing the discussion. I’ll describe what I consider to be convincing evidence that orientation effects are important and widespread. The true situation may be in some sense half way between the SPM and the hypothesis that orientation doesn’t affect classification at aIl. To us optimists, the orienration cup is half full rather than half empty. Although it is too soon to say for sure, the hypothesis that most objects’ classifications would be different if seen from other directions is a tenable one today.

4,005 citations


Cites methods from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...Kay (1990) and Tran et al (1992) have fo und more Seyfert 2s with broad permitted lines in the polarized fl ux, but the FC polarizations are generally much less than that of NGC 1068....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.
Abstract: Cellulose fibrils with widths in the nanometer range are nature-based materials with unique and potentially useful features. Most importantly, these novel nanocelluloses open up the strongly expanding fields of sustainable materials and nanocomposites, as well as medical and life-science devices, to the natural polymer cellulose. The nanodimensions of the structural elements result in a high surface area and hence the powerful interaction of these celluloses with surrounding species, such as water, organic and polymeric compounds, nanoparticles, and living cells. This Review assembles the current knowledge on the isolation of microfibrillated cellulose from wood and its application in nanocomposites; the preparation of nanocrystalline cellulose and its use as a reinforcing agent; and the biofabrication of bacterial nanocellulose, as well as its evaluation as a biomaterial for medical implants.

3,452 citations


Cites background or methods from "Phd by thesis"

  • ...b) Spheres formed by agitated cultivation with a shaking rate of 80–100 rpm; diameter: 2–3 mm, smooth surface.([181]) c) Tubes...

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  • ...a) Film prepared in a PP container under static conditions; dimensions: 25 25 cm(2), thickness: 200 mm.([181]) b) Spheres formed by agitated cultivation with a shaking rate of 80–100 rpm; diameter: 2–3 mm, smooth surface....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Arcade Learning Environment (ALE) as discussed by the authors is a platform for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology, which provides an interface to hundreds of Atari 2600 game environments, each one different, interesting, and designed to be a challenge for human players.
Abstract: In this article we introduce the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE): both a challenge problem and a platform and methodology for evaluating the development of general, domain-independent AI technology. ALE provides an interface to hundreds of Atari 2600 game environments, each one different, interesting, and designed to be a challenge for human players. ALE presents significant research challenges for reinforcement learning, model learning, model-based planning, imitation learning, transfer learning, and intrinsic motivation. Most importantly, it provides a rigorous testbed for evaluating and comparing approaches to these problems. We illustrate the promise of ALE by developing and benchmarking domain-independent agents designed using well-established AI techniques for both reinforcement learning and planning. In doing so, we also propose an evaluation methodology made possible by ALE, reporting empirical results on over 55 different games. All of the software, including the benchmark agents, is publicly available.

2,429 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a protecting layer formed on the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries as a result of electrolyte decomposition, mainly during the first cycle as discussed by the authors.

2,386 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the optimal techniques to detect a low frequency stochastic background of gravitational waves using a pulsar timing array were presented. But, neglecting the effect of the metric perturbation at the pulsar does not result in a significant deviation from optimality.
Abstract: A low frequency stochastic background of gravitational waves may be detected by pulsar timing experiments in the next 5 to 10 yr. Using methods developed to analyze interferometric gravitational wave data, in this paper we lay out the optimal techniques to detect a background of gravitational waves using a pulsar timing array. We show that for pulsar distances and gravitational wave frequencies typical of pulsar timing experiments, neglecting the effect of the metric perturbation at the pulsar does not result in a significant deviation from optimality. We discuss methods for setting upper limits using the optimal statistic, show how to construct skymaps using the pulsar timing array, and consider several issues associated with realistic analysis of pulsar timing data.

175 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an upper bound on the natural width of Gamma(X(3872)) K+X( 3872)) X B (B) = (8.63 +/- 0.19(syst)) MeV, a 90% confidence level upper limit.
Abstract: We present results from a study of X(3872) -> pi pi J/psi decays produced via exclusive B -> KX(3872) decays. We determine the mass to be M-X(3872) = (3871.85 +/- 0.27(stat) +/- 0.19(syst)) MeV, a 90% confidence level upper limit on the natural width of Gamma(X(3872)) K+X(3872)) X B(X(3872) -> pi(+)pi(-) J/psi) = (8.63 +/- 0.82(stat) +/- 0.52(syst)) X 10(-6), and a ratio of branching fractions B(B-0 -> (KX)-X-0(3872))/B(B+ -> K+X(3872)) = 0.50 +/- 0.14(stat)) +/- 0.04(syst). The difference in mass between the X(3872) -> pi(+)pi(-) J/psi signals in B+ and B-0 decays is Delta M-X(3872) = (-0.71 +/- 0.96(stat) +/- 0.19(syst)) MeV. A search for a charged partner of the X(3872) in the decays (0) -> K-X+ or B+ -> (KX+)-X-0, X+ -> pi(+)pi(0) J/psi resulted in upper limits on the product branching fractions for these processes that are well below expectations for the case that the X(3872) is the neutral member of an isospin triplet. In addition, we examine possible J(PC) quantum number assignments for the X(3872) based on comparisons of angular correlations between final state particles in X(3872) -> pi(+)pi(-) J/psi decays with simulated data for J(PC) values of 1(++) and 2(-+). We examine the influence of rho-omega interference in the M(pi(+)pi(-)) spectrum. The analysis is based on a 711 fb(-1) data sample that contains 772 x 10(6) B (B) over bar meson pairs collected at the gamma(4S) resonance in the Belle detector at the KEKB e(+)e(-) collider.

175 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied CO adsorption on gold particles deposited on well-ordered alumina and iron oxide films with temperature-programmed desorption and showed that small particles adsorb CO more strongly.
Abstract: CO adsorption on gold particles deposited on well-ordered alumina and iron oxide films was studied with temperature-programmed desorption. Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to provide correlative structural characterization. The results show that the adsorption of CO on gold exhibits a size effect in that small particles adsorb CO more strongly. For a given particle size (∼3 nm), CO desorption temperature (at ∼170 K) is essentially independent of the supports studied. Therefore, support effects seen in CO oxidation on real catalytic systems must arise from the interaction of oxygen rather than CO with these catalysts.

174 citations

Book
01 Oct 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a volumetric implicit surface representation is used to estimate the signed distance to the object surface by finding a consensus of locally coheren observations of the surface.
Abstract: In this paper, we present a robust method for creating a triangulated surface mesh from multiple range images. Our method merges a set of range images into a volumetric implicit-surface representation which is converted to a surface mesh using a variant of the marching-cubes algorithm. Unlike previous techniques based on implicit-surface representations our method estimates the signed distance to the object surface by finding a [consensus of locally coheren observations of the surface. We call this method the consensus-surface algorithm]. This algorithm effectively eliminates many of the troublesome effects of noise and extraneous surface observations without sacrificing the accuracy of the resulting surface. We utilize octrees to represent volumetric implicit surfaces---effectively reducing the computation and memory requirements of the volumetric representation without sacrificing accuracy of the resulting surface. We present results which demonstrate that our consensus-surface algorithm can construct accurate geometric models from rather noisy input range data.

174 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the extent to which the measurement of the post-Newtonian (PN) coefficients, possible with the second generation gravitational-wave detectors such as the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the third generation gravitational -wave detectors (ET), could be used to test post-newtonian theory and to put bounds on a subclass of parametrized-post-Einstein theories which differ from general relativity in a parametric sense.
Abstract: General relativity has very specific predictions for the gravitational waveforms from inspiralling compact binaries obtained using the post-Newtonian (PN) approximation. We investigate the extent to which the measurement of the PN coefficients, possible with the second generation gravitational-wave detectors such as the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the third generation gravitational-wave detectors such as the Einstein Telescope (ET), could be used to test post-Newtonian theory and to put bounds on a subclass of parametrized-post-Einstein theories which differ from general relativity in a parametrized sense. We demonstrate this possibility by employing the best inspiralling waveform model for nonspinning compact binaries which is 3.5PN accurate in phase and 3PN in amplitude. Within the class of theories considered, Advanced LIGO can test the theory at 1.5PN and thus the leading tail term. Future observations of stellar mass black hole binaries by ET can test the consistency between the various PN coefficients in the gravitational-wave phasing over the mass range of 11–44M⊙. The choice of the lower frequency cutoff is important for testing post-Newtonian theory using the ET. The bias in the test arising from the assumption of nonspinning binaries is indicated.

174 citations