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Journal ArticleDOI

Phenolic profile and content of sorghum grains under different irrigation managements.

TL;DR: Findings will be valuable for the selection of sorghum genotypes for grain production as human food under water deficit conditions, since polyphenol levels can affect the grain's nutritional value and health properties.
About: This article is published in Food Research International.The article was published on 2017-07-01 and is currently open access. It has received 28 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Deficit irrigation & Sorghum.

Summary (1 min read)

1. INTRODUCTION

  • Polysaccharides are widely used in biomaterials development.
  • Starch is a very versatile raw material that can be processed by extrusion, injection molding, and thermomolding into either porous or dense thermoplastic materials.
  • The mechanical properties, and particularly the rigidity of starchbased materials, can be modulated by the addition of plasticizers such as glycerol or sorbitol, which decrease the glass transition temperature of the material.
  • Due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability, starch is also introduced in formulations suitable for biomedical applications.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

  • Potato starch was purchased from Roquette (Lestrem, France).
  • The initial moisture content was approximately 13% of the wet basis weight (wb) or 15% dry basis (db).
  • Glycerol (99% purity) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany).
  • Prior to extrusion, water was added to adjust the starch moisture content to 27% wb (37% db).
  • For the samples containing glycerol, the glycerol content was adjusted to 20% wb (27% db).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  • Figure 2 presents the cross sections of the conservation rate XC for each type of sample at various relevant immersion times.
  • Because the kinetics are not the same depending on the sample observed, the relevant immersion times displayed on the figures can vary.
  • As a side note, the S-GLY20 sample appears asymmetric, most probably because it was not cut as straightly flat (it is a very sensitive procedure) and therefore one side was slightly thicker than the other.

4. CONCLUSION

  • The in-depth observations of the structural evolutions of starchy samples upon immersion in water were made possible by the use of synchrotron radiation (wide-angle scattering), which gives very high resolution measurements on small samples, and of magnetic resonance microimaging, which gives high-resolution images, two powerful nondestructive techniques.
  • They are complementary and together allow a multiscale study of the phenomena, from crystal structure changes (a few Å) to water transfer (several millimeters).
  • These methods enabled a better understanding of the water uptake mechanisms in these materials, which have a lot of potential as biosourced, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymers for use in the biomedical field, for example, or for food packaging.
  • Using the method described in this Article, one would also be able to follow the enzymatic degradation of samples (simply by replacing water with an enzyme solution) which is of uttermost importance for the applications mentioned above.
  • Another perspective for the use of this unique setup is to follow changes at a different scale by changing the scattering angle (small-angle instead of wide-angle) and investigate the fate of starch granules or the creation of supramolecular structures upon immersion, or during biodegradation.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that ESB may have physiological potential to be used skin whitening material and the mechanism on anti-melanogenic effect of ESB was confirmed.
Abstract: To evaluate possibility as a skin whitening agent of Sorghum bicolor (S. bicolor), its antioxidant activity and anti-melanogenic effect on 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)-induced melanogenesis in B16/F10 melanoma cells were investigated. The result of total phenolic contents (TPC) indicated that 60% ethanol extract of S. bicolor (ESB) has the highest contents than other ethanol extracts. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)/1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) inhibitory effect. These results showed ESB has significant antioxidant activities. Inhibitory effect against tyrosinase was also assessed using L-tyrosine (IC50 value = 89.25 μg/mL) and 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrates. In addition, ESB treatment effectively inhibited melanin production in IBMX-induced B16/F10 melanoma cells. To confirm the mechanism on anti-melanogenic effect of ESB, we examined melanogenesis-related proteins. ESB downregulated melanogenesis by decreasing expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1. Finally, 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HODE), 1,3-O-dicaffeoylglycerol and tricin as the main compounds of ESB were analyzed using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility separation-quadrupole time of flight/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-IMS-QTOF/MS2). These findings suggest that ESB may have physiological potential to be used skin whitening material.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present study evaluated the anticancer properties of a high phenolic sorghum bran extract prepared using 70% ethanol with 5% citric acid solvent at room temperature and found that a significant dose-dependent suppression of cell proliferation was observed in human colon cancer cells treated with the high Phenolic Sorghum Bran extract.
Abstract: Human colon cancer is the third leading cause of mortality in the United States and worldwide. Chemoprevention using diet is widely accepted as a promising approach for cancer management. Numerous population studies indicate a negative correlation between the incidence of colon cancer and consumption of whole grains with a high content of bioactive phenolic compounds. In the current study, we evaluated the anticancer properties of a high phenolic sorghum bran extract prepared using 70% ethanol with 5% citric acid solvent at room temperature. A significant dose-dependent suppression of cell proliferation was observed in human colon cancer cells treated with the high phenolic sorghum bran extract. Apoptosis and S phase growth arrest were induced, while cell migration and invasion were inhibited by this treatment; these effects were accompanied by altered expression of apoptosis, cell cycle, and metastasis-regulating genes. We also found that the high phenolic sorghum bran extract stimulated DNA damage in association with induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and subsequent expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). The present study expands our understanding of the potential use of high phenolic sorghum bran to prevent human colon cancer.

18 citations


Cites background from "Phenolic profile and content of sor..."

  • ...In addition to an abundance of major nutrients (starch, proteins, lipids, minerals, and vitamins), many sorghum varieties have a high content of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds [4]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the available information on the bioactive characteristics of sorghum, how it is used in different functional foods, and how it has the potential to combat various disorders.
Abstract: ABSTRACT Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is ranked five cereal crop worldwide. It belongs to the Poaceae family and is formally part of plant-derived food. Nutritionally, it is composed of carbohydrates, kafirin (protein), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), fibers and resistant starch. Sorghum is used in three different fields: food, feed, and biomass production. Phenolic compounds including phenolic acid, flavonoids, stilbenes and tannins, vitamins including B-complex, A, D, E and K and the minerals (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc) were involved in the bioactivity of sorghum. The functional composition of sorghum plays an essential role in human health by inhibiting the risk of chronic diseases. Available epidemiological evidence suggests that tannin (proanthocyanidins) in sorghum acts as an antioxidant protecting from inflammation and cancer. Its fiber content can reduce blood cholesterol and glucose level, and is also helpful in celiac disease. Phytochemicals in sorghum enhance cardiovascular health in animals. These properties have not been reported in humans, which needs investigation. This review aims to describe the available information on the bioactive characteristics of sorghum, how it is used in different functional foods, and how it has the potential to combat various disorders. The literature has been collected from Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Web of Science.

18 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the morphological and physiological effects of drought and heat stresses, with specific emphasis on their combined effects on sorghum, a hardy small grain crop of diverse uses and suitable for marginal areas of the semiarid tropics.
Abstract: Increasing incidences of combined drought and heat stress poses a serious threat to production and productivity of crops in sub-Saharan Africa where 95% of crop production is rainfed. In this review we discuss the morphological and physiological effects of drought and heat stresses, with specific emphasis on their combined effects on sorghum, a hardy small grain crop of diverse uses and suitable for marginal areas of the semi-arid tropics. Resistance mechanisms to drought stress were reviewed to enhance understanding amongst crop scientists and botanists. The most important physiological processes in sorghum that is sensitive to drought and heat stresses include cell division, cell metabolism, photosynthesis, biosynthesis of bioactive and secondary metabolites, nutrient uptake and membrane stability. All of which affects germination, growth, reproduction and consequently controls crop yield. Various morphological and physiological traits enable sorghum to tolerate drought and heat stress through escaping, avoiding and tolerating their effects to sustain physiological and metabolic activities. A deep root system, thick leaf cuticle layers and leaf rolling enable drought avoidance, while physiological adjustments include osmotic adjustment and stomatal regulation. Drought tolerance mechanisms are mainly physiological adjustments such as antioxidative capacity, membrane stability, cooler canopies and a stay green trait that achieves photosynthetic capacity and transpiration efficiency. However, there is great genetic variability even within sorghum on the genotypic responses to drought and heat stress. Understanding of morphological and physiological effects of abiotic stresses, especially when combined and tolerance mechanisms of a specified important crop like sorghum, gives us better insight and a more holistic approach in understanding biological systems that affect its productivity that may enhance its management and improvement.

12 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a genetic profile variation study was undertaken for the accumulation of phytochemicals in 61 diverse sorghum accessions differing in their growth habitat and grain color through non-targeted Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis.
Abstract: Sorghum is one of the most important food and feed cereal crops and has been gaining industrial importance in recent years for its biofuel, nutraceutical and antioxidant values. A genetic profile variation study was undertaken for the accumulation of phytochemicals in 61 diverse sorghum accessions differing in their growth habitat and grain color through non-targeted Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis. Mass Spectrometry-Data Independent AnaLysis (MS-DIAL) and MetaboAnalyst identified 221 metabolites belonging to 27 different phytochemicals. Tropical and temperate sorghums were distinct in their metabolic profiles with minimum overlaps, and 51 different metabolites were crucial in differentiating the two groups. Temperate sorghums had the ability to accumulate more of phenolic acids, phytosterols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and tropical sorghums for stress-related amino acids, sugars and fatty acids. Grain-color-based Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) analysis identified 94 Variable Importance in Projections (VIP) metabolites containing majority of flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and phytosterols. This study identified two sorghum lines (IS 7748 and IS 14861) with rich amounts of antioxidants (catechins and epicatechins) belonging to the group of condensed tannins that otherwise do not accumulate commonly in sorghum. Out of 13 metabolic pathways identified, flavonoid biosynthesis showed the highest expression. This study provided new opportunities for developing biofortified sorghum with enhanced nutraceutical and therapeutics through molecular breeding and metabolic engineering.

10 citations

References
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Book
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TL;DR: In this paper, an updated procedure for calculating reference and crop evapotranspiration from meteorological data and crop coefficients is presented, based on the FAO Penman-Monteith method.
Abstract: (First edition: 1998, this reprint: 2004). This publication presents an updated procedure for calculating reference and crop evapotranspiration from meteorological data and crop coefficients. The procedure, first presented in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24, Crop water requirements, in 1977, allows estimation of the amount of water used by a crop, taking into account the effect of the climate and the crop characteristics. The publication incorporates advances in research and more accurate procedures for determining crop water use as recommended by a panel of high-level experts organised by FAO in May 1990. The first part of the guidelines includes procedures for determining reference crop evapotranspiration according to the FAO Penman-Monteith method. These are followed by updated procedures for estimating the evapotranspiration of different crops for different growth stages and ecological conditions.

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TL;DR: The basic ideas of PCA are introduced, discussing what it can and cannot do, and some variants of the technique have been developed that are tailored to various different data types and structures.
Abstract: Large datasets are increasingly common and are often difficult to interpret. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique for reducing the dimensionality of such datasets, increasing interpretability but at the same time minimizing information loss. It does so by creating new uncorrelated variables that successively maximize variance. Finding such new variables, the principal components, reduces to solving an eigenvalue/eigenvector problem, and the new variables are defined by the dataset at hand, not a priori , hence making PCA an adaptive data analysis technique. It is adaptive in another sense too, since variants of the technique have been developed that are tailored to various different data types and structures. This article will begin by introducing the basic ideas of PCA, discussing what it can and cannot do. It will then describe some variants of PCA and their application.

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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Pachauri et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a core writing team consisting of Rajendra K. Ravindranath, Myles R. Allen, Vicente R. Barros, John Broome, John A. Church, Leon Clarke, Qin Dahe (China), Purnamita Dasgupta (India), Navroz K. Dubash (India).
Abstract: Core Writing Team Rajendra K. Pachauri (Chair), Myles R. Allen (United Kingdom), Vicente R. Barros (Argentina), John Broome (United Kingdom), Wolfgang Cramer (Germany/France), Renate Christ (Austria/WMO), John A. Church (Australia), Leon Clarke (USA), Qin Dahe (China), Purnamita Dasgupta (India), Navroz K. Dubash (India), Ottmar Edenhofer (Germany), Ismail Elgizouli (Sudan), Christopher B. Field (USA), Piers Forster (United Kingdom), Pierre Friedlingstein (United Kingdom/Belgium), Jan Fuglestvedt (Norway), Luis Gomez-Echeverri (Colombia), Stephane Hallegatte (France/World Bank), Gabriele Hegerl (United Kingdom/Germany), Mark Howden (Australia), Kejun Jiang (China), Blanca Jimenez Cisneros (Mexico/UNESCO), Vladimir Kattsov (Russian Federation), Hoesung Lee (Republic of Korea), Katharine J. Mach (USA), Jochem Marotzke (Germany), Michael D. Mastrandrea (USA), Leo Meyer (The Netherlands), Jan Minx (Germany), Yacob Mulugetta (Ethiopia), Karen O’Brien (Norway), Michael Oppenheimer (USA), Joy J. Pereira (Malaysia), Ramón Pichs-Madruga (Cuba), Gian-Kasper Plattner (Switzerland), Hans-Otto Pörtner (Germany), Scott B. Power (Australia), Benjamin Preston (USA), N.H. Ravindranath (India), Andy Reisinger (New Zealand), Keywan Riahi (Austria), Matilde Rusticucci (Argentina), Robert Scholes (South Africa), Kristin Seyboth (USA), Youba Sokona (Mali), Robert Stavins (USA), Thomas F. Stocker (Switzerland), Petra Tschakert (USA), Detlef van Vuuren (The Netherlands), Jean-Pascal van Ypersele (Belgium)

2,948 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sorghum is a rich source of various phytochemicals including tannins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, phytosterols and policosanols as discussed by the authors.

753 citations


"Phenolic profile and content of sor..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In particular, the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, 49 including apigeninidins, luteolinidins, 5-methoxyluteolinidin and 50 7-methoxyapigeninidin, are at high levels in some sorghum grain genotypes, but are 51 absent in other cereal grains (Awika & Rooney, 2004; L Dykes & Rooney, 2007)....

    [...]

  • ...Polyphenols in sorghum grain 46 consist of simple phenolic acids (e.g. ferulic and p-coumaric acids), 47 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, flavanones, flavones and other flavonoids, as well as 48 condensed tannins (Awika & Rooney, 2004)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages, and potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.

530 citations


"Phenolic profile and content of sor..." refers background in this paper

  • ...However, the number of people consuming sorghum grain is slowly but steadily increasing in developed countries mainly due to sorghum’s gluten-free property and antioxidant potential from polyphenolic phytochemicals (Taylor et al., 2006)....

    [...]

  • ...However, the number of people consuming sorghum grain 40 is slowly but steadily increasing in developed countries mainly due to sorghum’s 41 gluten-free property and antioxidant potential from polyphenolic phytochemicals 42 (Taylor et al., 2006)....

    [...]

Frequently Asked Questions (13)
Q1. What have the authors contributed in "Phenolic profile and content of sorghum grains under different irrigation managements" ?

Wu et al. this paper investigated the effect of irrigation treatment on the levels of polyphenols in sorghum grain. 

A total of eight 193 individual polyphenols, including ferulic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, apigenin, 194 luteolinidin, apigeninidin, taxifolin and naringenin, were unequivocally identified and 195 another 17 tentatively identified. 

the number of people consuming sorghum grain 40 is slowly but steadily increasing in developed countries mainly due to sorghum’s 41 gluten-free property and antioxidant potential from polyphenolic phytochemicals 42 (Taylor et al., 2006). 

As the sorghum was unable to regulate the severe water 335 stress, the high temperature might also have decreased the biosynthesis of 336 polyphenols, flavonoids and some individual polyphenols on the sorghum grain under 337 the SDI regime. 

The 138 hydrolysate was re-extracted with the 15 mL ethyl acetate four times more, and all 139 ethyl acetate fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness. 

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is the fifth most valuable global cereal crop, 34 widely grown in semi-arid and arid regions of the world because of its tolerance to 35 drought and high temperatures (Taylor, Schober, & Bean, 2006). 

Synthesis of 308 3-deoxyanthocyanidin has been previously shown to be catalysed by CHS and F3'H 309 enzymes, and the synthesis of these two enzymes was reported to be enhanced under 310 biotic stress in sorghum, which led to increased 3-deoxyanthocyanidin concentration 311 (Boddu et al., 2004; Lo et al., 1999). 

it is proposed that more CHS and F3'H enzymes might 314 be synthesized when irrigation level was reduced from FI to DI. 

Group C (Liberty) has a low level 289 of individual polyphenols, while a high level of some individual flavonoids is found 290 in Group B (Shawaya Short Black 1) or Group D (IS1311C). 

The 129 residue was extracted with 20 mL 80% (v/v) aqueous methanol two times more, and 130 all supernatants were combined after centrifuging. 

The HPLC chromatograms illustrated that across all 218 genotypes, irrigation treatments did not differ in the polyphenolic species present 219 rather only altered their concentrations. 

Acute effect of 458 sorghum flour-containing pasta on plasma total polyphenols, antioxidant 459 capacity and oxidative stress markers in healthy subjects: A randomised 460 controlled trial. 

196 Peaks, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21, 24 and 25 were identified by authentic standards based 197 on their chromatographic comparisons.