Phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes suppress inflammatory bone loss by ameliorating the cytokine imbalance provoked by infiltrated macrophages.
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...Furthermore, recent studies have shown that liposome administration can alter macrophage phenotype in vivo in part by induction of ERK signaling after ingestion (53, 54)....
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...[77] suggests that this effect is due to increased IL-10 production by macrophages....
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...In vivo, PSLs have been described to promote the resolution of inflammation by modulating macrophage function in a model for inflammatory bone loss and myocardial infarction [31,33]....
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...In vitro, clearance of apoptotic cells and PSLs skews macrophages towards a tolerogenic phenotype [21,23,29-35]....
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References
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"Phosphatidylserine-containing lipos..." refers background or methods in this paper
...We intramuscularly injected PSLs (5 mg/kg/day, PSL-treated AA rats, n1⁄4 27) or PCLs (5 mg/kg/day, PCLtreated AA rats, n1⁄4 27) into the hind limbs from day 10 after CFA injection, when clinical symptoms, such as redness and swelling, were detected in the ankle joints.(28,29) AA rats intramuscularly injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) used as a control (n1⁄4 27)....
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...In the chronic stage, trabecular bone loss occurs, and the number of infiltrated macrophages and helper T cells declines.(26,28) In this study, the expression levels of IL-1b and IL-17 were markedly elevated in the ankle joints during the acute stage in AA rats....
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"Phosphatidylserine-containing lipos..." refers background in this paper
...The inhibitory effects of PSLs on IL-1b secretion from LPS-activated macrophages may depend on the reduction of p38 MAPK activity, because p38 MAPK activity has crucial roles in the regulation of IL-1b biosynthesis(45) and p38 MAPK inhibitor blocks IL-1b production.(46) PSL-induced inhibition of NF-kB activity may be involved in the inhibition of IL-1b, because NF-kB activity is required for pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including IL-1b....
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29 citations
"Phosphatidylserine-containing lipos..." refers background in this paper
...It was considered that IL-10 secreted from macrophages after phagocytosis of PSLs can inhibit IL-1b production and the differentiation of Th17 cells, thus resulting in a decrease in the IL-17 levels.(34) This PSL-induced phenotypic change of infiltrated macrophages also contributed to the inhibition of AA-induced trabecular bone loss through the inhibition of RANKL/RANK expression, which have essential roles in osteoclastogenesis(18,35,36) and osteoclastic bone loss in RA as well as in AA....
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