Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of PFRs as potential substitutes for brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has been discussed and a number of potential alternatives for BFRs have been proposed.
About: This article is published in Chemosphere.The article was published on 2012-08-01. It has received 1953 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate & Poison control.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The present study shows that the release of OPs from a wide variety of commercial products and wastewater discharge might be considered as primary emission sources and that high potential of long-range atmospheric transport and persistence of OP would be responsible for their presence in various matrices on a global scale.
822 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of dust collected in California homes in 2006 and 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens suggests that manufacturers continue to use hazardous chemicals and replace chemicals of concern with chemicals with uncharacterized toxicity.
Abstract: Higher house dust levels of PBDE flame retardants (FRs) have been reported in California than other parts of the world, due to the state’s furniture flammability standard. However, changing levels of these and other FRs have not been evaluated following the 2004 U.S. phase-out of PentaBDE and OctaBDE. We analyzed dust collected in 16 California homes in 2006 and again in 2011 for 62 FRs and organohalogens, which represents the broadest investigation of FRs in homes. Fifty-five compounds were detected in at least one sample; 41 in at least 50% of samples. Concentrations of chlorinated OPFRs, including two (TCEP and TDCIPP) listed as carcinogens under California’s Proposition 65, were found up to 0.01% in dust, higher than previously reported in the U.S. In 75% of the homes, we detected TDBPP, or brominated “Tris,” which was banned in children’s sleepwear because of carcinogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on TDBPP in house dust. Concentrations of Firemaster 550 components (EH-TBB, BEH-TE...
477 citations
TL;DR: Investigating how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addressing the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus‐based flame‐retardants from renewable sources are addressed.
Abstract: The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an increased fire risk, and sustained research into efficient flame retardants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus, a versatile and effective element for use in flame retardants, has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today: current formulations employ a variety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as additives or as reactants, to solve the task of developing flame-retarding polymeric materials. Phosphorus-based flame retardants can act in both the gas and condensed phase during a fire. This Review investigates how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addresses the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus-based flame-retardants from renewable sources.
415 citations
Stockholm University1, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science2, VU University Amsterdam3, University of Antwerp4, National Water Research Institute5, National Institutes of Health6, California Department of Toxic Substances Control7, Food and Environment Research Agency8, Kyoto University9
TL;DR: Approximate abbreviations for flame retardants (FRs) substituted with bromine or chlorine atoms or including a functional group containing phosphorus, i.e. BFRs, CFRs and PFRs are proposed.
368 citations
TL;DR: The diverse absorption routes of OPFRs by animals and humans (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption and gill absorption) are reviewed and bioaccumulation and biomagnification potentials in different types of organisms and food webs are summarized.
348 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: Conventional drinking water treatment methods were relatively inefficient for contaminant removal, while efficient removal was achieved by granular activated carbon (GAC).In wastewater treatment processes, membrane bioreactors showed limited target compound removal, but were effective at eliminating hormones and some pharmaceuticals.
1,288 citations
"Phosphorus flame retardants: Proper..." refers background in this paper
...WHO (1990, 1991), UNEP (1996), WHO (1997), UNEP (1998), WHO (1998), Lassen and Lokke (1999), Australian Government (2000), Leisewitz et al....
[...]
...The LOD of TCEP was with 10 ng L 1 higher than those of the other studied compounds due to occasional blank contamination (Kim et al., 2007)....
[...]
...UNEP (1998), WHO (1998), Lassen and Lokke (1999), UNEP (2002), Fisk et al....
[...]
...TCEP was also analyzed in drinking water from Dongbok Lake and Paldang Lake, in South Korea (Kim et al., 2007), which are the reservoirs of all drinking water for the neighboring cities....
[...]
TL;DR: This study provides the first documentation that many of the organic wastewater-related contaminants that represent a diverse group of extensively used chemicals can survive conventional water-treatment processes and occur in potable-water supplies.
1,009 citations
TL;DR: Samples of water and sediment from a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant were analyzed for 113 organic compounds that included pharmaceuticals, detergent degradates, flame retardants and plasticizers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fragrances and flavorants, pesticides and an insect repellent, and plant and animal steroids.
681 citations
TL;DR: This paper analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009, including couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve.
Abstract: Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e., not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound-proofing system of a laboratory-grade dust sieve, and were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1−5% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-ch...
627 citations
TL;DR: OP flame retardants may be associated with altered hormone levels and decreased semen quality in men, and a suggestive inverse association between TDCPP and free androgen index became less evident in adjusted models.
Abstract: BackgroundOrganophosphate (OP) compounds, such as tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), are commonly used as additive flame retardants and plasticizers in a w...
591 citations