Photochemical synthesis and characterization of hypercrosslinked polystyrene, a novel porous organic material†
12 Jun 1999-Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 36, Iss: 12, pp 1923-1933
TL;DR: Srinivasan et al. as discussed by the authors showed that benzoylated polystyrene (BPS) was subjected to UV radiation in solution in the presence of isopropanol where upon, it was observed to undergo essentially quantitative crosslinking to form poly styrene resin with tertiary hydroxyl functionality.
Abstract: Benzoylated polystyrene (BPS) was subjected to UV radiation in solution in the presence of isopropanol where upon, it was observed to undergo essentially quantitative crosslinking to form polystyrene resin with tertiary hydroxyl functionality. The crosslinking kinetics was followed by IR spectroscopy. The desired degree of crosslinking was accomplished by controlling the extent of benzoylation of the polymer. Following crosslinking, the gels were freeze-dried and suitably characterized by solid state NMR and IR spectroscopic techniques. Scanning electron microscopic studies reveal the formation of porous network. Some of the crosslinked resins, dried suitably, exhibit high surface area as confirmed by BET adsorption isotherm studies. † Part of this work was presented earlier at Macro ‘98. K. S. V. Srinivasan, Macromolecules New Frontiers, Allied Publishers, New Delhi. Vol. 1 1998, p. 89–92.
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TL;DR: The synthesis and characterization of barbiturate and thiobarbiturate-functionalized polystyrene (TBAPS) by polymer-modification reactions is discussed in this article.
Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of barbiturate- and thiobarbiturate-functionalized polystyrene from polystyrene homopolymer by polymer-modification reactions is discussed. Polystyrene homopolymer quantitatively functionalized at the para postion with diethyl oxomalonate functionality was subjected to a condensation reaction with urea and thiourea in the presence of sodium methoxide in methanol. This reaction proceeded essentially to quantitative conversion to the barbiturate- (BAPS) and thiobarbiturate-functionalized polystyrenes (TBAPS) as estimated by 1H NMR, UV, and IR spectroscopies. Thus, several copolymers of styrene with barbiturate- and thiobarbiturate-functionalized styrene were synthesized. The detailed characterizations of quantitatively functionalized polystyrene using gel permeation chromatographic, IR, UV, and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques as well as thermogravimetric analysis are discussed. An application of the newly synthesized polymer in removing Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution is demonstrated. This is the first report on the synthesis of BAPS and TBAPS by the polymer-modification route or otherwise. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 731–737, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10154
12 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis and applications of a series of hyper-cross-linked polymer networks obtained from the one-step Friedel-Crafts reaction of triphenyl-silane and formaldeh are discussed.
Abstract: The present research focuses on the synthesis and applications of a series of hyper-cross-linked polymer networks obtained from the one-step Friedel–Crafts reaction of triphenylsilane and formaldeh...
5 citations
10 Mar 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview on the preparation and basic lithographically important characterization of new polymers based on poly(4-(1-hydroxyalkyl)styrene -co- styrene) [Poly(4-HAS -co)-S] for negative tone imaging at DUV lithography.
Abstract: Several synthetic approaches are available to make photoresist polymers for deep UV (DUV) lithography. Two approaches were widely used in semiconductor manufacturing: i) direct polymerization of corresponding monomers by (controlled) radical, (living) ionic polymerization ii) thermal or chemical catalyzed deprotection or protection of the macromolecules. The latter approach which is also called polymer modification chemistry (PMC) or polymer analogous chemistry offers several advantageous over the direct polymerization approach. In this presentation, we will provide an overview on the preparation and basic lithographically important characterization of new polymers based on poly(4-(1-hydroxyalkyl)styrene -co- styrene) [Poly(4-HAS -co- S)]. These polymers were synthesized for the first time by PMC and this methodology is an simple alternative for the synthesis of poly(4-HAS -co- S) than conventionally used synthetically challenging free radical or low temperature anionic polymerization of the protected monomer. We have synthesized high and low molecular weight (M n ) polymers with mole fraction of functional group ranging from partial to complete functionalization. Several formulations based on poly(4-HAS -co- S) were developed and tested for negative tone imaging at DUV lithography. Lithographic performance of these polymers at DUV lithography will be compared with their molecular weight and mole fraction of functional groups.
1 citations
Cites methods from "Photochemical synthesis and charact..."
...PS was benzoylated using a procedure that is a mild modification of that reported widely in the literature.(10,21) Thus BPS was prepared by Friedel-Crafts benzoylation of PS in dichloroethane (DCE) and nitrobenzene using benzoyl chloride and aluminum chloride....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, a new hypercrosslinked polystyrene-type sorption material called Stylosorb (Macronet-Hypersol) was used for organic compounds dissolved or suspended in water.
Abstract: Sorption experiments with a variety of organic compounds dissolved or suspended in water and a new hypercrosslinked polystyrene-type sorption material ‘Styrosorb’ (‘Macronet-Hypersol’) showed superiority of the latter to other chemically related adsorbents
103 citations
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a ring-opening reaction of epoxidized natural rubber with acrylic acid was studied by IR spectroscopy and shown to obey a simple first-order law.
Abstract: Photocrosslinkable elastomers with pendent acrylate groups have been synthesized by ring-opening reaction of epoxidized natural rubber with acrylic acid. The kinetics of the acrylation reaction has been studied by IR spectroscopy and shown to obey a simple first-order law. The acrylated natural rubber undergoes a fast crosslinking-polymerization when it is exposed to UV radiation in the presence of an aryl ketone photoinitiator, with formation of a tridimensional polymer network within a few seconds. The rate of polymerization was found to increase linearly with the degree of acrylation of the rubber, reaching values up to 3 mol/kg.s. The isoprene double bond, which is inactive in virgin natural rubber, also undergoes polymerization upon UV exposure when epoxy or acrylate groups are present
50 citations
TL;DR: The structure of freeze-dried atactic polystyrene (a-PS) prepared from dilute benzene and cyclohexane solutions was examined by using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (dsc) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The structure of freeze-dried atactic polystyrene (a-PS) prepared from dilute benzene and cyclohexane solutions was examined by using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (dsc) The phenyl–phenyl correlation in the freeze-dried a-PS is weak compared with that in the reference sample cast from a 5 wt% solution in tetrahydrofuran The data suggest an expanded chain conformation for the specific structure of freeze-dried a-PS, which can easily be formed from a good solvent at high temperature, and with high-molecular-weight a-PS The dsc data of freeze-dried a-PS showed an endothermic peak just below the glass transition temperature, indicating an enthalpy difference between the freeze-dried and melt states
16 citations