Photonic band structure: The face-centered-cubic case.
TL;DR: This work has identified one particular dielectric ``crystal'' which actually has a ``photonic band gap'' and requires a refractive index contrast greater than 3 to 1, which happens to be readily obtainable in semiconductor materials.
Abstract: We employ the concepts of band theory to describe the behavior of electromagnetic waves in three dimensionally periodic face-centered-cubic (fcc) dielectric structures. This can produce a ``photonic band gap'' in which optical modes, spontaneous emission, and zero-point fluctuations are all absent. In the course of a broad experimental survey, we have found that most fcc dielectric structures have ``semimetallic'' band structure. Nevertheless, we have identified one particular dielectric ``crystal'' which actually has a ``photonic band gap.'' This dielectric structure, consisting of 86% empty space, requires a refractive index contrast greater than 3 to 1, which happens to be readily obtainable in semiconductor materials.
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TL;DR: In this article, the photonic band gap structures, those three-dimensional periodic dielectric structures that are to photon waves as semiconductor crystals are to electron waves, are discussed.
Abstract: The analogy between electromagnetic wave propagation in multidimensionally periodic structures and electron-wave propagation in real crystals has proven to be a fruitful one. Initial efforts were motivated by the prospect of a photonic band gap. a frequency band in three-dimensional dielectric structures in which electromagnetic waves are forbidden irrespective of the propagation direction in space. Today many new ideas and applications are being pursued in two and three dimensions and in metallic, dielectric, and acoustic structures. We review the early motivations for this research, which were derived from the need for a photonic band gap in quantum optics. This need led to a series of experimental and theoretical searches for the elusive photonic band-gap structures, those three-dimensionally periodic dielectric structures that are to photon waves as semiconductor crystals are to electron waves. We describe how the photonic semiconductor can be doped, producing tiny electromagnetic cavities. Finally, we summarize some of the anticipated implications of photonic band structure for quantum electronics and for other areas of physics and electrical engineering.
1,352 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the cavity electrodynamics of free atoms is presented, with a focus on the one-atom maser and a survey of the entire field using free atoms.
Abstract: This paper reviews the work on cavity quantum electrodynamics of free atoms. In recent years, cavity experiments have also been conducted on a variety of solid-state systems resulting in many interesting applications, of which microlasers, photon bandgap structures and quantum dot structures in cavities are outstanding examples. Although these phenomena and systems are very interesting, discussion is limited here to free atoms and mostly single atoms because these systems exhibit clean quantum phenomena and are not disturbed by a variety of other effects. At the centre of our review is the work on the one-atom maser, but we also give a survey of the entire field, using free atoms in order to show the large variety of problems dealt with. The cavity interaction can be separated into two main regimes: the weak coupling in cavity or cavity-like structures with low quality factors Q and the strong coupling when high-Q cavities are involved. The weak coupling leads to modification of spontaneous transitions and level shifts, whereas the strong coupling enables one to observe a periodic exchange of photons between atoms and the radiation field. In this case, atoms and photons are entangled, this being the basis for a variety of phenomena observed, some of them leading to interesting applications in quantum information processing. The cavity experiments with free atoms reached a new domain with the advent of experiments in the visible spectral region. A review on recent achievements in this area is also given.
981 citations
TL;DR: This review traces the development of acoustic metamaterials from the initial findings of mass density and bulk modulus frequency dispersions in locally resonant structures to the diverse functionalities afforded by the perspective of negative constitutive parameter values, and their implications for acoustic wave behaviors.
Abstract: Within a time span of 15 years, acoustic metamaterials have emerged from academic curiosity to become an active field driven by scientific discoveries and diverse application potentials. This review traces the development of acoustic metamaterials from the initial findings of mass density and bulk modulus frequency dispersions in locally resonant structures to the diverse functionalities afforded by the perspective of negative constitutive parameter values, and their implications for acoustic wave behaviors. We survey the more recent developments, which include compact phase manipulation structures, superabsorption, and actively controllable metamaterials as well as the new directions on acoustic wave transport in moving fluid, elastic, and mechanical metamaterials, graphene-inspired metamaterials, and structures whose characteristics are best delineated by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. Many of the novel acoustic metamaterial structures have transcended the original definition of metamaterials as arising from the collective manifestations of constituent resonating units, but they continue to extend wave manipulation functionalities beyond those found in nature.
979 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a periodic structure consisting of identical spheres placed periodically within a host homogeneous material is investigated, and the structure is shown to have a similar structure to the one described in this paper.
932 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the band structure of acoustic and elastic waves propagating in two dimensional periodic fluid or solid systems is calculated, and the authors show that gaps are obtained easily, in contrast to the case of solids, where a large density mismatch is required.
741 citations
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TL;DR: If a three-dimensionally periodic dielectric structure has an electromagnetic band gap which overlaps the electronic band edge, then spontaneous emission can be rigorously forbidden.
Abstract: It has been recognized for some time that the spontaneous emission by atoms is not necessarily a fixed and immutable property of the coupling between matter and space, but that it can be controlled by modification of the properties of the radiation field. This is equally true in the solid state, where spontaneous emission plays a fundamental role in limiting the performance of semiconductor lasers, heterojunction bipolar transistors, and solar cells. If a three-dimensionally periodic dielectric structure has an electromagnetic band gap which overlaps the electronic band edge, then spontaneous emission can be rigorously forbidden.
12,787 citations
01 Jan 1987
2,842 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the Electromagnetic Field and its interaction with Matter are discussed, and a matrix formulation for Isotropic Layered Media is proposed. But it is not shown how to apply it to a single homogeneous and isotropic layer.
Abstract: Chapter 1. The Electromagnetic Field. Chapter 2. Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Matter. Chapter 3. Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves. Chapter 4. Optics of A Single Homogeneous and Isotropic Layer. Chapter 5. Matrix Formulation for Isotropic Layered Media. Chapter 6. Optics of Periodic Layered Media. Chapter 7. Some Applications of Isotropic Layered Media. Chapter 8. Inhomogeneous Layers. Chapter 9. Optics of Anisotropic Layered Media. Chapter 10. Some Applications of Anisotropic Layered Media. Chapter 11. Guided Waves in Layered Media. Chapter 12. Optics of Semiconductor Quantum Wells and Superlattice Structures. Appendix: Zeros of Mode Dispersion RElation. Author Index. Subject Index.
2,324 citations
TL;DR: Using the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method, the band structure for a classical scalar wave scattering from a periodic array of dielectric spheres in a uniform background is computed.
Abstract: Using the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method we compute the band structure for a classical scalar wave scattering from a periodic array of dielectric spheres in a uniform background. The optimal volume filling fraction $f$ of spheres for the creation of a total gap in the density of states, and hence localization, is found to be approximately 11%. This gap persists for refractive index ratios as small as 2.8.
106 citations
TL;DR: Les interactions dipole-dipole de resonance (RDDI) sont supprimees pour toutes les separations interatomiques ou intermoleculaires dans des structures dielectriques periodiques dans lesquelles l'emission spontanee est inhibee aux transitions optiques de resonance.
Abstract: We show that resonant dipole-dipole interactions are suppressed at all interatomic or intermolecular separations in periodic dielectric structures in which spontaneous emission is inhibited at the resonant optical transitions. This profoundly modifies molecular properties including donor-acceptor energy transfer, collisional dynamics, molecular spectra, and dissociation energies.
82 citations