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Journal ArticleDOI

Photopolymerization in 3D Printing

20 Feb 2019-Vol. 1, Iss: 4, pp 593-611
TL;DR: The field of 3D printing is continuing its rapid development in both academic and industrial research environments as mentioned in this paper, which offers flexibility over the final properties of the 3D printed materials (such as optical, chemical and mechanical properties) using versatile polymer chemistry.
Abstract: The field of 3D printing is continuing its rapid development in both academic and industrial research environments. The development of 3D printing technologies has opened new implementations in rapid prototyping, tooling, dentistry, microfluidics, biomedical devices, tissue engineering, drug delivery, etc. Among different 3D printing techniques, photopolymerization-based process (such as stereolithography and digital light processing) offers flexibility over the final properties of the 3D printed materials (such as optical, chemical, and mechanical properties) using versatile polymer chemistry. The strategy behind the 3D photopolymerization is based on using monomers/oligomers in liquid state (in the presence of photoinitiators) that can be photopolymerized (via radical or cationic mechanism) upon exposure to light source of different wavelengths (depending on the photoinitiator system). An overview of recent evolutions in the field of photopolymerization-based 3D printing and highlights of novel 3D print...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
17 Feb 2021-Polymers
TL;DR: In this article, three photopolymerization technologies, namely, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and continuous digital light process (CDLP), are reviewed.
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (3D printing) has significantly changed the prototyping process in terms of technology, construction, materials, and their multiphysical properties. Among the most popular 3D printing techniques is vat photopolymerization, in which ultraviolet (UV) light is deployed to form chains between molecules of liquid light-curable resin, crosslink them, and as a result, solidify the resin. In this manuscript, three photopolymerization technologies, namely, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and continuous digital light processing (CDLP), are reviewed. Additionally, the after-cured mechanical properties of light-curable resin materials are listed, along with a number of case studies showing their applications in practice. The manuscript aims at providing an overview and future trend of the photopolymerization technology to inspire the readers to engage in further research in this field, especially regarding developing new materials and mathematical models for microrods and bionic structures.

191 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
04 Jun 2020
TL;DR: This review paper summarizes a few typical applications of P μSL including mechanical metamaterials, optical components, 4D printing, bioinspired materials and biomedical applications, and offers perspectives on the directions of the further development of PμSL based 3D printing technology.
Abstract: Projection Micro Stereolithography (PμSL) is a high-resolution (up to 0.6 μm) 3D printing technology based on area projection triggered photopolymerization, and capable of fabricating complex 3D architectures covering multiple scales and with multiple materials. This paper reviews the recent development of the PμSL based 3D printing technologies, together with the related applications. It introduces the working principle, the commercialized products, and the recent multiscale, multimaterial printing capability of PμSL as well as some functional photopolymers that are suitable to PμSL. This review paper also summarizes a few typical applications of PμSL including mechanical metamaterials, optical components, 4D printing, bioinspired materials and biomedical applications, and offers perspectives on the directions of the further development of PμSL based 3D printing technology.

174 citations


Cites background from "Photopolymerization in 3D Printing"

  • ...The photopolymerization is a free radical based polymerization, and includes four main steps: radical generation, initiation, propagation, and termination [62, 63]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2020-Small
TL;DR: In this work, crosslinking methods used in 3D bioprinting studies are reviewed, parameters that affect bioink chemistry are discussed, and the potential toward improving crossl linking outcomes and construct performance is highlighted.
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has recently advanced as an important tool to produce viable constructs that can be used for regenerative purposes or as tissue models. To develop biomimetic and sustainable 3D constructs, several important processing aspects need to be considered, among which crosslinking is most important for achieving desirable biomechanical stability of printed structures, which is reflected in subsequent behavior and use of these constructs. In this work, crosslinking methods used in 3D bioprinting studies are reviewed, parameters that affect bioink chemistry are discussed, and the potential toward improving crosslinking outcomes and construct performance is highlighted. Furthermore, current challenges and future prospects are discussed. Due to the direct connection between crosslinking methods and properties of 3D bioprinted structures, this Review can provide a basis for developing necessary modifications to the design and manufacturing process of advanced tissue-like constructs in future.

150 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Improved tissue adhesion of the bioinspired MN allows for more stable and robust performance for drug delivery, biofluid collection, and biosensing.

143 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the vat polymerization techniques, their unique applications in the fields of drug delivery and medical device fabrication, material examples and the advantages they provide within healthcare, is provided.

136 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two-photon lithography in negative SU-8 photoresist was used to obtain mechanically stable, stress-free, extended nanorods having lateral sizes of about 30 nm.
Abstract: Studies on two-photon lithography in negative SU-8 photoresist demonstrate the possibility of obtaining mechanically stable, stress-free, extended nanorods having lateral sizes of about 30 nm (corresponding to λ/25 resolution). The high resolution achievable with the given combination of materials and fabrication techniques demonstrates its potential for the fabrication of large-scale nanostructures, such as photonic crystals with photonic stop gaps at visible wavelengths.

281 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a large number of scientific publications were investigated in order to provide a comprehensive overview of rapid prototyping methods for polymers and their applications, of currently available materials and research concerning additive processes.
Abstract: Additive processing technologies are rapidly growing in all fields of application. A large number of scientific publications were investigated in order to provide a comprehensive overview of rapid prototyping methods for polymers and their applications, of currently available materials and research concerning additive processes. The current problems of additive processes are described, together with their potential solutions. Furthermore, this article delivers an insight into possible future trends of additive technologies.

277 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the generation of carbon-centered radicals from alkyl bromides through an oxidative quenching pathway using perylene as an organic visible-light photocatalyst is described.
Abstract: The generation of carbon-centered radicals from alkyl bromides through an oxidative quenching pathway using perylene as an organic visible-light photocatalyst is described. This methodology is used to initiate the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and other functionalized vinyl monomers. The polymers possess bromide chain-end groups that can be used to reinitiate polymerization to produce block copolymers. Control over the polymerization propagation can be achieved through pulsed light sequences while the ability to use natural sunlight to promote carbon–carbon bond formation produces polymers with dispersity as low as 1.29.

277 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 3D printing of designer hydrogels with functional polydiacetylene nanoparticles installed in the hydrogel matrix with a modified liver lobule microstructure allows toxins to be trapped efficiently and shows that the toxin solution completely loses its virulence after treatment using this biomimetic detoxification device.
Abstract: Rationally designed nanoparticles that can bind toxins show great promise for detoxification. However, the conventional intravenous administration of nanoparticles for detoxification often leads to nanoparticle accumulation in the liver, posing a risk of secondary poisoning especially in liver-failure patients. Here we present a liver-inspired three-dimensional (3D) detoxification device. This device is created by 3D printing of designer hydrogels with functional polydiacetylene nanoparticles installed in the hydrogel matrix. The nanoparticles can attract, capture and sense toxins, while the 3D matrix with a modified liver lobule microstructure allows toxins to be trapped efficiently. Our results show that the toxin solution completely loses its virulence after treatment using this biomimetic detoxification device. This work provides a proof-of-concept of detoxification by a 3D-printed biomimetic nanocomposite construct in hydrogel, and could lead to the development of alternative detoxification platforms.

269 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This report reports the first living radical polymerization that can be activated and deactivated by irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) and far-red light and shows that the polymerization also proceeded smoothly when a translucent barrier was placed between light source and reaction vessel.
Abstract: Photoregulated polymerizations are typically conducted using high-energy (UV and blue) light, which may lead to undesired side reactions. Furthermore, as the penetration of visible light is rather limited, the range of applications with such wavelengths is likewise limited. We herein report the first living radical polymerization that can be activated and deactivated by irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) and far-red light. Bacteriochlorophyll a (Bachl a) was employed as a photoredox catalyst for photoinduced electron transfer/reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. Well-defined polymers were thus synthesized within a few hours under NIR (λ=850 nm) and far-red (λ=780 nm) irradiation with excellent control over the molecular weight (M(n)/M(w)<1.25). Taking advantage of the good penetration of NIR light, we showed that the polymerization also proceeded smoothly when a translucent barrier was placed between light source and reaction vessel.

267 citations