Photopolymerization in 3D Printing
20 Feb 2019-Vol. 1, Iss: 4, pp 593-611
TL;DR: The field of 3D printing is continuing its rapid development in both academic and industrial research environments as mentioned in this paper, which offers flexibility over the final properties of the 3D printed materials (such as optical, chemical and mechanical properties) using versatile polymer chemistry.
Abstract: The field of 3D printing is continuing its rapid development in both academic and industrial research environments. The development of 3D printing technologies has opened new implementations in rapid prototyping, tooling, dentistry, microfluidics, biomedical devices, tissue engineering, drug delivery, etc. Among different 3D printing techniques, photopolymerization-based process (such as stereolithography and digital light processing) offers flexibility over the final properties of the 3D printed materials (such as optical, chemical, and mechanical properties) using versatile polymer chemistry. The strategy behind the 3D photopolymerization is based on using monomers/oligomers in liquid state (in the presence of photoinitiators) that can be photopolymerized (via radical or cationic mechanism) upon exposure to light source of different wavelengths (depending on the photoinitiator system). An overview of recent evolutions in the field of photopolymerization-based 3D printing and highlights of novel 3D print...
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TL;DR: In this article, three photopolymerization technologies, namely, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and continuous digital light process (CDLP), are reviewed.
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (3D printing) has significantly changed the prototyping process in terms of technology, construction, materials, and their multiphysical properties. Among the most popular 3D printing techniques is vat photopolymerization, in which ultraviolet (UV) light is deployed to form chains between molecules of liquid light-curable resin, crosslink them, and as a result, solidify the resin. In this manuscript, three photopolymerization technologies, namely, stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and continuous digital light processing (CDLP), are reviewed. Additionally, the after-cured mechanical properties of light-curable resin materials are listed, along with a number of case studies showing their applications in practice. The manuscript aims at providing an overview and future trend of the photopolymerization technology to inspire the readers to engage in further research in this field, especially regarding developing new materials and mathematical models for microrods and bionic structures.
191 citations
04 Jun 2020
TL;DR: This review paper summarizes a few typical applications of P μSL including mechanical metamaterials, optical components, 4D printing, bioinspired materials and biomedical applications, and offers perspectives on the directions of the further development of PμSL based 3D printing technology.
Abstract: Projection Micro Stereolithography (PμSL) is a high-resolution (up to 0.6 μm) 3D printing technology based on area projection triggered photopolymerization, and capable of fabricating complex 3D architectures covering multiple scales and with multiple materials. This paper reviews the recent development of the PμSL based 3D printing technologies, together with the related applications. It introduces the working principle, the commercialized products, and the recent multiscale, multimaterial printing capability of PμSL as well as some functional photopolymers that are suitable to PμSL. This review paper also summarizes a few typical applications of PμSL including mechanical metamaterials, optical components, 4D printing, bioinspired materials and biomedical applications, and offers perspectives on the directions of the further development of PμSL based 3D printing technology.
174 citations
Cites background from "Photopolymerization in 3D Printing"
...The photopolymerization is a free radical based polymerization, and includes four main steps: radical generation, initiation, propagation, and termination [62, 63]....
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TL;DR: In this work, crosslinking methods used in 3D bioprinting studies are reviewed, parameters that affect bioink chemistry are discussed, and the potential toward improving crossl linking outcomes and construct performance is highlighted.
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has recently advanced as an important tool to produce viable constructs that can be used for regenerative purposes or as tissue models. To develop biomimetic and sustainable 3D constructs, several important processing aspects need to be considered, among which crosslinking is most important for achieving desirable biomechanical stability of printed structures, which is reflected in subsequent behavior and use of these constructs. In this work, crosslinking methods used in 3D bioprinting studies are reviewed, parameters that affect bioink chemistry are discussed, and the potential toward improving crosslinking outcomes and construct performance is highlighted. Furthermore, current challenges and future prospects are discussed. Due to the direct connection between crosslinking methods and properties of 3D bioprinted structures, this Review can provide a basis for developing necessary modifications to the design and manufacturing process of advanced tissue-like constructs in future.
150 citations
TL;DR: Improved tissue adhesion of the bioinspired MN allows for more stable and robust performance for drug delivery, biofluid collection, and biosensing.
143 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the vat polymerization techniques, their unique applications in the fields of drug delivery and medical device fabrication, material examples and the advantages they provide within healthcare, is provided.
136 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, a conductive polymer formulation and associated 3D printing fabrication method was proposed to realize three-dimensional conductive polymers that are not subject to planar morphologies that limit fabricated devices to linear or bending actuation modes.
40 citations
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38 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a radiation curable composition comprising from about 50 to 70 wt % of a cycloaliphatic diepoxide, from about 5 to 15 wt% of a polyol, and from about 10 to 20 wt%) of an aromatic diacrylate was presented.
Abstract: The invention relates to a radiation curable composition comprising from about 50 wt % to about 70 wt % of a cycloaliphatic diepoxide, from about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % of a polyol, from about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % of an oxetane, from about 10 wt % to about 20 wt % of an aromatic diacrylate, a radical photoinitiator and a cationic photoinitiator. The invention further relates to a process for making a three dimensional article from the resin composition of the invention, to the three-dimensional article itself and to the use of the composition of the invention.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a kinetics model for prediction of double-bond conversion and gel time in the photopolymerization of multifunctional acrylates is presented, which allows for materials formulation and exposure source intensity variables to be included in stereolithography inverse problem solutions.
36 citations
15 May 2010
TL;DR: The in situ polymerization method was applied to synthesize bulk nanocomposites consisting of hydrophobic NaYF(4):Yb, Er (Tm) nanoparticles as the filler and polystyrene (PS) as the host material that exhibit strong green and blue upconversion photoluminescence upon 980 nm laser excitation.
Abstract: The in situ photopolymerization method was applied to synthesize bulk nanocomposites consisting of hydrophobic NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ (Tm3+) nanoparticles as the filler and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the host material. The oleic acid stabilized NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ (Tm3+) nanoparticles and NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ (Tm3+)/PMMA nanocomposites have been well characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), flexural tests, UV/vis transmission spectra, upconversion photoluminescence spectra, and luminescence decays. The well-crystallized NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ (Tm3+) nanoparticles are spherical with a mean diameter of 40 nm. The obtained solid NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ (Tm3+)/PMMA nanocomposites have similar mechanical properties to that of pure polymer. NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+/PMMA and NaYF4:Yb3+, Tm3+/PMMA nanocomposites are transparent in the visible spectral region and exhibit strong green and blue upconversion photoluminescence up...
36 citations