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Journal ArticleDOI

Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture

01 May 2006-Aquacultural Engineering (Elsevier)-Vol. 34, Iss: 3, pp 344-363
TL;DR: The principle advantages of photosynthetic suspended-growth systems are lower capital costs relative to other recirculating aquaculture systems and increased control over stock management relative to conventional static ponds and the main disadvantage is the relatively low degree of control over water quality and phytoplankton density, metabolism, and community composition.
About: This article is published in Aquacultural Engineering.The article was published on 2006-05-01. It has received 440 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Aquaculture engineering & Aquaculture.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The periphyton treatment technique is applicable to extensive systems, and the proteinaceous bio-flocs technology can be used in extensive as well as in intensive systems, which provide an inexpensive feed source and a higher efficiency of nutrient conversion of feed.

693 citations


Cites background from "Photosynthetic suspended-growth sys..."

  • ...This promoted nitrogen uptake by bacterial growth decreases the ammonium concentration more rapidly than nitrification (Hargreaves, 2006)....

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  • ...These processes are integral parts of the culture unit (Har- greaves, 2006)....

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  • ...5) (Hargreaves, 2006)....

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  • ...The effluent water of the production pond is retained in a basin for several hours to days to allow natural physical, chemical, and biological processes to improve its quality for reuse (Diab et al., 1992; Hargreaves, 2006)....

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  • ...Themain disadvantage is the unstable purification resulting from unpredictable fluctuations of phytoplankton biomass and speciation in the treatment pond (Hargreaves, 2006)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this review,Biofloc technology is a technique of enhancing water quality in aquaculture through balancing carbon and nitrogen in the system, with the added value of producing proteinaceous feed in situ.

582 citations


Cites background from "Photosynthetic suspended-growth sys..."

  • ...This promoted nitrogen uptake by bacterial growth decreases the ammonium concentration more rapidly than nitrification (Hargreaves, 2006)....

    [...]

  • ...Suspended growth in ponds consists of phytoplankton, bacteria, aggregates of living and dead particulate organic matter, and grazers of the bacteria (Hargreaves, 2006)....

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  • ...heterotrophic bacteria occurs much more rapidly because the growth rate and microbial biomass yield per unit substrate of heterotrophs are a factor 10 higher than that of nitrifying bacteria (Hargreaves, 2006)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall fish growth and production was poor in terms of commercial feasibility and a modified system design that would allow enhanced feed and biofloc utilization is proposed.

574 citations


Cites background from "Photosynthetic suspended-growth sys..."

  • ...In addition, the growth rate and microbial biomass yield per unit substrate of heterotrophs are a factor 10 higher than that of nitrifying bacteria (Hargreaves, 2006)....

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  • ...This is done by constant aeration and agitation of the water column and addition of carbon sources as organic matter substrate to allow aerobic decomposition and maintain high levels of microbial floc in suspension in fed and/or fertilized ponds (Avnimelech et al., 1986; Hargreaves, 2006)....

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  • ...Jauncey (2000) reviewed that about 0....

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  • ...The optimum C:N ratio in an aquaculture system can be maintained by adding different locally available cheap carbon sources and/or reduction of protein content in feed (Avnimelech, 1999; Hargreaves, 2006)....

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  • ...The nutritional value of biofloc to aquatic animals is dependant on several factors: food preference, not only the ability to both ingest and digest it but also the density of suspended particles (Hargreaves, 2006)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There does not appear to be a panacea for environmentally sustainable aquaculture on the horizon to meet the increasing demand for aquatic food, but improving existing technology is more likely to be met through improvements in existing technology.

346 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that controlling the concentration of particles in superintensive shrimp culture systems can significantly improve water quality and shrimp production and an environmentally friendly and potentially economical plant-based diet can produce results comparable to a fish-based feed in super intensive shrimpculture systems.

275 citations


Cites background from "Photosynthetic suspended-growth sys..."

  • ...Increased turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) concentration caused by particle accumulation can augment biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), cause gill occultation in cultured species, suppress beneficial algal growth, and promote potentially harmful microorganisms (Beveridge et al., 1991; Chapman et al., 1987; Hargreaves, 2006; Brune et al., 2003; Alonso-Rodriguez and Paez-Osuna, 2003; Liltved and Cripps, 1999)....

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  • ...Rather than exchange water with the surrounding environment, these systems rely on a dense microbial community to mineralize and assimilate harmful nutrients that would otherwise accumulate from feed degradation and shrimp excretions (Avnimelech, 2006; Bratvold and Browdy, 1998; Hargreaves, 2006)....

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  • ...These assemblages are partially contained within biofloc particles (Hargreaves, 2006; Wasielesky et al., 2006) and may serve as a source of supplemental nutrition for shrimp, thereby reducing feed costs (Browdy et al....

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  • ...Minimal-exchange, superintensive shrimp culture systems can be defined as having controlled feed-nutrient inputs, high shrimp stocking densities, limited or no water exchange, intense aeration or oxygenation, and the accumulation of flocculated (biofloc) particles (Burford et al., 2004; Ebeling et al., 2006; Hargreaves, 2006; Ray et al., 2009)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review describes the state of the art of probiotic research in the culture of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and live food, with an evaluation of the results obtained so far.
Abstract: There is an urgent need in aquaculture to develop microbial control strategies, since disease outbreaks are recognized as important constraints to aquaculture production and trade and since the development of antibiotic resistance has become a matter of growing concern. One of the alternatives to antimicrobials in disease control could be the use of probiotic bacteria as microbial control agents. This review describes the state of the art of probiotic research in the culture of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and live food, with an evaluation of the results obtained so far. A new definition of probiotics, also applicable to aquatic environments, is proposed, and a detailed description is given of their possible modes of action, i.e., production of compounds that are inhibitory toward pathogens, competition with harmful microorganisms for nutrients and energy, competition with deleterious species for adhesion sites, enhancement of the immune response of the animal, improvement of water quality, and interaction with phytoplankton. A rationale is proposed for the multistep and multidisciplinary process required for the development of effective and safe probiotics for commercial application in aquaculture. Finally, directions for further research are discussed.

2,072 citations

Book
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: This work focuses on water quality and aquaculture in the context of ponds, and investigates the role of manure, water quality, and waste management in the development and management of these facilities.
Abstract: Preface. Selected Atomic Weights. Customary Metric Conversion Factors. 1. Water Quality and Aquaculture: Preliminary Considerations. 2. Ecology of Aquaculture Ponds. 3. Water Quality Requirements. 4. Water Use. 5. Liming. 6. Fertilization. 7. Aeration. 8. Water Circulation. 9. Turbidity and Appearance of Water. 10. Aquatic Weed Control. 11. Off-Flavors and Harmful Algae. 12. Pollution. 13. Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatments. 14. Waste Management. 15. Measurement of Water Quality. 16. Sustainability and Environmental Issues. References. Index.

1,083 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The addition of carbonaceous substrate was found to reduce inorganic nitrogen in shrimp experimental tanks and intilapia commercial-scale ponds and it was found in tilapia ponds that the produced microbial proteins are taken up by the fish.

938 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to examine the means by which algae and heterotrophic bacteria interact in planktonic systems and cite specific evidence from the literature for various types of interactions.
Abstract: Bacteria and algae are the numerically dominant organisms in the plankton of lakes and the ocean and their metabolism largely controls pelagic energy flow and nutrient cycling. The purpose of this review is to examine the means by which algae and heterotrophic bacteria interact in planktonic systems. In terrestrial systems, bacterial-plant interactions have been well studied in the rhizosphere, the zone in the soil where microorganisms are influenced by plant roots (108). The concept of the "phycosphere" was introduced as a pelagic analogy to the rhizosphere (7). The phycosphere would be the zone surrounding an algal cell within which microorganisms are influenced by algal products. In considering bacterial-algal interactions, then, we should ask ourselves whether a phycosphere exists. I cite specific evidence from the literature for various types of interactions. In doing this I rely heavily on laboratory studies because relatively little field oriented work is available. I include neither the photosynthetic bacteria (e.g. Chlorobiaceae, Rhodospirillaceae) nor the large macroalgae (seaweeds) in this review. The cyanobacteria have both algal and bacterial characteristics, being prokaryotes and capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. As planktonic, aerobic photo-autotrophs the cyanobacteria clearly belong with the phytoplankton in terms of this review.

722 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Natural assemblages of marine bacteria were cultured on combinations of C and N sources (amino acids, glucose, and NH,‘) to span a range of substrate C: N ratios to speculate that C : Ns of available substrates in marine waters is > 10 : 1.
Abstract: Natural assemblages of marine bacteria were cultured on combinations of C and N sources (amino acids, glucose, and NH,‘) to span a range of substrate C: N ratios from 1.5 : 1 to 10 : 1. Catabolic metabolism of the N component of amino acid substrates led to NH,+ regeneration during exponential growth. The efficiency of this regeneration (RN) and also of the carbon gross growth efficiency (GGE) generally was independent of the sources of C and N, but increased as the C : N ratio of the substrate (C : NJ decrcascd relative to the C : N ratio of the bacterial biomass (C : NJ. The clemental chemical composition (C : N: P ratio) of the bacterial biomass was relatively invariant at about 45 : 9 : 1 and the gross growth efficiency varied from a threshold value of about 40-50% at C : Ns > 6 : 1 up to 94% when C : N, was 1.5 : 1. Hence, R, varied from 00/o when C : N, was 10: 1 up to 86% when C: N, was 1.5 : 1. Inorganic sources of both N and P were taken up only in stoichiometric quantities during this phase of growth. Regeneration of NH,+ during the stationary phase as well as of POd3- occurred, most likely due to endogenous metabolism or cell death, but the magnitude of this regeneration seemed to increase greatly only when C: N, was ~6 : 1. Considering that amino acids frequently do not provide all of the N required and that carbohydrates often are the major C source for growth of marine bacteria, we speculate that C : Ns of available substrates in marine waters is > 10 : 1. Hence, actively growing bacteria may be inefficient remineralizers of N.

557 citations