Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture
Citations
693 citations
Cites background from "Photosynthetic suspended-growth sys..."
...This promoted nitrogen uptake by bacterial growth decreases the ammonium concentration more rapidly than nitrification (Hargreaves, 2006)....
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...These processes are integral parts of the culture unit (Har- greaves, 2006)....
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...5) (Hargreaves, 2006)....
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...The effluent water of the production pond is retained in a basin for several hours to days to allow natural physical, chemical, and biological processes to improve its quality for reuse (Diab et al., 1992; Hargreaves, 2006)....
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...Themain disadvantage is the unstable purification resulting from unpredictable fluctuations of phytoplankton biomass and speciation in the treatment pond (Hargreaves, 2006)....
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582 citations
Cites background from "Photosynthetic suspended-growth sys..."
...This promoted nitrogen uptake by bacterial growth decreases the ammonium concentration more rapidly than nitrification (Hargreaves, 2006)....
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...Suspended growth in ponds consists of phytoplankton, bacteria, aggregates of living and dead particulate organic matter, and grazers of the bacteria (Hargreaves, 2006)....
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...heterotrophic bacteria occurs much more rapidly because the growth rate and microbial biomass yield per unit substrate of heterotrophs are a factor 10 higher than that of nitrifying bacteria (Hargreaves, 2006)....
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574 citations
Cites background from "Photosynthetic suspended-growth sys..."
...In addition, the growth rate and microbial biomass yield per unit substrate of heterotrophs are a factor 10 higher than that of nitrifying bacteria (Hargreaves, 2006)....
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...This is done by constant aeration and agitation of the water column and addition of carbon sources as organic matter substrate to allow aerobic decomposition and maintain high levels of microbial floc in suspension in fed and/or fertilized ponds (Avnimelech et al., 1986; Hargreaves, 2006)....
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...Jauncey (2000) reviewed that about 0....
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...The optimum C:N ratio in an aquaculture system can be maintained by adding different locally available cheap carbon sources and/or reduction of protein content in feed (Avnimelech, 1999; Hargreaves, 2006)....
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...The nutritional value of biofloc to aquatic animals is dependant on several factors: food preference, not only the ability to both ingest and digest it but also the density of suspended particles (Hargreaves, 2006)....
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346 citations
275 citations
Cites background from "Photosynthetic suspended-growth sys..."
...Increased turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) concentration caused by particle accumulation can augment biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), cause gill occultation in cultured species, suppress beneficial algal growth, and promote potentially harmful microorganisms (Beveridge et al., 1991; Chapman et al., 1987; Hargreaves, 2006; Brune et al., 2003; Alonso-Rodriguez and Paez-Osuna, 2003; Liltved and Cripps, 1999)....
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...Rather than exchange water with the surrounding environment, these systems rely on a dense microbial community to mineralize and assimilate harmful nutrients that would otherwise accumulate from feed degradation and shrimp excretions (Avnimelech, 2006; Bratvold and Browdy, 1998; Hargreaves, 2006)....
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...These assemblages are partially contained within biofloc particles (Hargreaves, 2006; Wasielesky et al., 2006) and may serve as a source of supplemental nutrition for shrimp, thereby reducing feed costs (Browdy et al....
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...Minimal-exchange, superintensive shrimp culture systems can be defined as having controlled feed-nutrient inputs, high shrimp stocking densities, limited or no water exchange, intense aeration or oxygenation, and the accumulation of flocculated (biofloc) particles (Burford et al., 2004; Ebeling et al., 2006; Hargreaves, 2006; Ray et al., 2009)....
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References
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