Photovoltaic Generation Penetration Limits in Radial Distribution Systems

doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2077656

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Photovoltaic Generation Penetration Limits in Radial Distribution Systems

Journal Article•DOI•

Photovoltaic Generation Penetration Limits in Radial Distribution Systems

Rafael Amaral Shayani¹, M. A. G. de Oliveira¹•Institutions (1)

University of Brasília¹

01 Aug 2011-IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (IEEE)-Vol. 26, Iss: 3, pp 1625-1631

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present and discuss studies proving that conductor ampacity and voltage rises are limiting factors that manifest themselves under different conditions, and highlight situations in which line overloads are more restrictive than voltage rises.

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Abstract: Photovoltaic generating units connected to distribution systems represent a type of distributed generation (DG) that has been experiencing increased growth in recent years. Higher DG penetration levels may be interesting from many different points of view, but raise important issues about distribution system operation. Therefore, new techniques are needed to determine the maximum amount of DG that may be installed without requiring major changes in the existing electric power system. According to the literature, voltage rises at load bus bars are a serious limiting factor when installing DG. This paper presents and discusses studies proving that conductor ampacity and voltage rises are limiting factors that manifest themselves under different conditions. The present study highlights situations in which line overloads are more restrictive than voltage rises. Variation in substation voltage, load, and its power factor were simulated in a simplified radial distribution system model, and the amount of distributed generation that may be installed was obtained. Mathematic formulae were developed to determine the amount of distributed generation for existing utility systems.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Distributed Volt/VAr Control by PV Inverters

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Pedram Jahangiri¹, Dionysios C. Aliprantis¹•Institutions (1)

Iowa State University¹

29 Apr 2013-IEEE Transactions on Power Systems

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the implementation of a voltage control loop within PV inverters that maintains the voltage within acceptable bounds by absorbing or supplying reactive power, which can be considered to be a form of distributed Volt/VAr control.

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Abstract: A major technical obstacle for rooftop photovoltaics (PV) integration into existing distribution systems is the voltage rise due to the reverse power flow from the distributed PV sources. This paper describes the implementation of a voltage control loop within PV inverters that maintains the voltage within acceptable bounds by absorbing or supplying reactive power. In principle, this can be considered to be a form of distributed Volt/VAr control, which is conventionally performed by coordinated control of capacitor banks and transformer tap changers. Comprehensive simulation studies on detailed feeder models are used to demonstrate that the proposed control scheme will mitigate voltage rises.

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410 citations

Cites background from "Photovoltaic Generation Penetration..."

...A major obstacle for further PV integration into existing medium/low-voltage networks is the induced voltage rise due to the reverse power flow along the distribution feeders [4]–[10]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Optimal integration and planning of renewable distributed generation in the power distribution networks: A review of analytical techniques

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Ali Ehsan¹, Qiang Yang¹•Institutions (1)

Zhejiang University¹

15 Jan 2018-Applied Energy

TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive review and critical discussion of state-of-the-art analytical techniques for optimal planning of renewable distributed generation is conducted, and a comparative analysis of analytical techniques is presented to show their suitability for distributed generation planning in terms of various optimization criteria.

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327 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

State-of-the-art of hosting capacity in modern power systems with distributed generation

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Sherif M. Ismael, Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz¹, Ahmed F. Zobaa²•Institutions (2)

Ain Shams University¹, Brunel University London²

01 Jan 2019-Renewable Energy

TL;DR: It was concluded that success in integrating more distributed generation hinges on accurate hosting capacity assessment, and a systematic and extensive overview of the HC research, developments, assessment techniques and enhancement technologies is provided.

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314 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Distributed Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Voltage Regulation in Distribution Networks With High PV Penetration

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Mehdi Zeraati¹, Mohamad Esmail Hamedani Golshan¹, Josep M. Guerrero²•Institutions (2)

Isfahan University of Technology¹, Aalborg University²

01 Jul 2018-IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

TL;DR: A coordinated control strategy is proposed to regulate the charge/discharge of BESs using a combination of the local droop-based control method and a distributed control scheme which ensures the voltages of feeder remain within allowed limits.

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Abstract: The voltage rise problem in low voltage distribution networks with high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) resources is one of the most important challenges in the development of these renewable resources since it may prevent the maximum PV penetration considering the reliability and security issues of distribution networks. In this paper, the battery energy storage (BES) systems are used in order to solve the voltage rise during the peak PV generation as well as the voltage drop while meeting the peak load. A coordinated control strategy is proposed to regulate the charge/discharge of BESs using a combination of the local droop-based control method and a distributed control scheme which ensures the voltages of feeder remain within allowed limits. Therefore, two different consensus algorithms are used: the first algorithm determines the BESs participation in voltage regulation in terms of their installed capacity whereas the second one modifies the BESs performance in terms of their state of charge to prevent the excessive saturation or depletion of batteries. The proposed controller enables the effective use of storage capacity in different conditions. Finally, the simulation results based upon real data of a radial distribution feeder validate the effectiveness of this approach.

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283 citations

Cites background from "Photovoltaic Generation Penetration..."

...Although this solution is effective and reduces the losses in feeder, it is very expensive [4]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A review of high PV penetrations in LV distribution networks: Present status, impacts and mitigation measures

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M. Mejbaul Haque¹, Peter Wolfs¹•Institutions (1)

Central Queensland University¹

01 Sep 2016-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an extensive review of the present status, impacts and technical challenges of PV penetration in low voltage (LV) distribution networks and provide a framework that systematically explores the full range of technical methods and limitations for PV impact mitigation.

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Abstract: The installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV) systems globally reached 177 GW at the end of 2014 The annual rate of installations, 387 GW in 2014, continues to increase A large part of this is installed as residential systems connected to low voltage (LV) networks The majority of the LV distribution networks are radial, unbalanced with respect to loads and feeder structures and have high R/X ratios The large scale deployment of PV within the LV distribution networks is limited by voltage quality problems, particularly over voltages and unbalance Development of proper mitigation techniques is essential to effectively and efficiently manage high penetration of PV within the LV distribution networks A number of techniques have already been developed and implemented in LV distribution networks to alleviate those problems This paper provides an extensive review of the present status, impacts and technical challenges of PV penetration in LV distribution networks In addition, the review comprehensively examines the commercially available and emerging mitigation methods and provides a framework that systematically explores the full range of technical methods and limitations for PV impact mitigation These will provide a useful framework and strong point of reference for the researchers working further in this field

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234 citations

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References

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Book•

Embedded Generation (Power & Energy Ser. 31)

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Nick Jenkins, R.N. Allan, Peter Crossley, David Kirschen, Goran Strbac - Show less +1 more

30 Jun 2000

368 citations

"Photovoltaic Generation Penetration..." refers background in this paper

...There are several policy drivers encouraging DG, such as gas emission reductions, energy efficiency, diversification of energy sources, availability of modular generating plants, ease of finding sites for smaller generators, and shorter construction times and lower capital costs of smaller plants [3]....
[...]

Report•DOI•

Distribution System Voltage Performance Analysis for High-Penetration Photovoltaics

[...]

E. Liu¹, J. Bebic•Institutions (1)

Office of Scientific and Technical Information¹

01 Feb 2008

TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of commonly used distribution voltage regulation methods under reverse power flow was examined. But the performance was not evaluated in terms of voltage regulation in the case of reverse power flows.

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Abstract: This report examines the performance of commonly used distribution voltage regulation methods under reverse power flow.

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164 citations

"Photovoltaic Generation Penetration..." refers background in this paper

...to control voltage in worst-case scenarios [15]....
[...]
..., secondary of transformers) can also be significant, and should be included in the analyses [11], [15]....
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...Shunt capacitances may be neglected, since the line is short; 2) the line may be loaded up to its rated capacity; 3) the substation voltage is taken as reference and is kept constant, since there normally exist voltage regulators, such as on-load tap changer; 4) no capacitor banks nor any other voltage control devices are used throughout the line; 5) PV generation is modeled as a constant power injection [10], [15]; 6) the load is modeled as constant power; 7) PV systems operate with a unity power factor, i....
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...The reverse flow of power from load bus bars to the substation provokes an impact on the feeder voltage profile, increasing bus voltages [5]–[15]....
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Proceedings Article•DOI•

Voltage Regulation in Radial Distribution Feeders with High Penetration of Photovoltaic

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Reinaldo Tonkoski¹, Luiz A. C. Lopes¹•Institutions (1)

Concordia University¹

01 Nov 2008

TL;DR: In this article, the impact of active power and reactive power variation on the voltage and losses of a radial low voltage distribution feeder with uniformly distributed loads and non-dispatchable (active power) sources is investigated.

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Abstract: Overvoltages are one of the main reasons for limiting the amount of active power that can be exported by a microgrid and injected into a low voltage (LV) distribution system The well-known trade offs used in medium voltage (MV) feeders need to be revisited considering the fact that the impedance of LV feeders is mostly resistive with large R/XL ratios This digests investigates the impact of active power and reactive power variation on the voltage and losses of a radial LV distribution feeder with uniformly distributed loads and non-dispatchable (active power) sources The feeder characteristics as well as the net active power of the buses are considered in the analysis This shall give indications on how to decide between PV units with overrated inverters, for additional capacity of reactive power control, or energy storage devices, so as to minimize overvoltages during peak power production

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119 citations

"Photovoltaic Generation Penetration..." refers background in this paper

..., secondary of transformers) can also be significant, and should be included in the analyses [11], [15]....
[...]

Report•DOI•

Power System Planning: Emerging Practices Suitable for Evaluating the Impact of High-Penetration Photovoltaics

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J. Bebic¹•Institutions (1)

Office of Scientific and Technical Information¹

01 Feb 2008

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the impact of high-penetration renewable generation on electric power system planning methodologies and outline how these methodologies are evolving to enable effective integration of variable-output renewable generation sources.

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Abstract: This report explores the impact of high-penetration renewable generation on electric power system planning methodologies and outlines how these methodologies are evolving to enable effective integration of variable-output renewable generation sources

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78 citations

"Photovoltaic Generation Penetration..." refers background in this paper

...This may limit PVDG penetration, and some authors state that the installed peak capacity must be lower than the coincident load [6]....
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...However, another important aspect must be considered in determining the PVDG penetration in a distribution feeder: the actual line and transformer current carrying capacity [5], [6]....
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Avaliação técnico-econômica de um sistema híbrido de geração distribuída para o atendimento a comunidades isoladas da Amazônia

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Mauro Moura Severino

06 Aug 2008

7 citations

"Photovoltaic Generation Penetration..." refers background in this paper

...DG systems are also characterized as: 1) connected directly to a distribution system; 2) connected on the demand side at any given point of the electric system; 3) supplying energy to an electrically isolated installation; or 4) directly connected to the transmission system, provided it is not considered part of the centralized generation [2]....
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