Physiological and proteomic responses of dendrocalamus minor var. amoenus (ghost bamboo) under drought stress
01 Jan 2020-Applied Ecology and Environmental Research (Applied Ecology and Environmental Research)-Vol. 18, Iss: 4, pp 4817-4838
TL;DR: This study provides important information on signal transduction pathway changes under drought stress for exploring drought resistance candidate genes in bamboo species.
Abstract: Dendrocalamus minor var. amoenus was analyzed for physiological and proteomic responses under drought stress. The adverse effects of drought on D. minor var. amoenus were primarily affected by gas exchange attributes such as photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) decreased as drought intensity increased. Among chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII), electron transport rate (ETR), and non-photochemical quenching (qN) also decreased under increasing drought stress throughout the natural dehydration process (15-30 days). Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels increased significantly when subjected to short drought event and then decreased rapidly under severe drought stress. Using twodimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), we detected more than 500 protein spots; 41 significant differentially expressed protein spots were uncovered under drought stress. Following matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) identification and BLAST of these 41 proteins spots to an NCBI or Uniprot database, 33 differential protein spots were identified. In addition to determining a suitable protocol for protein extraction from D. minor var. amoenus (or other bamboo species), this study provides important information on signal transduction pathway changes under drought stress for exploring drought resistance candidate genes in bamboo species.
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TL;DR: In this article , the impact of biochar at water deficiency conditions on the physiological and biochemical processes of Medicago ciliaris seedlings was studied and the results confirmed the hypothesis that biochar application significantly reduces both the degree of stress and the negative impact of oxidative stress on Medicago Ciliaris plants.
Abstract: The application of biochar is mostly used to improve soil fertility, water retention capacity and nutrient uptake. The present study was conducted in order to study the impact of biochar at water deficiency conditions on the physiological and biochemical processes of Medicago ciliaris seedlings. Seedlings were cultivated under greenhouse conditions in pots filled with a mixture of soil and sand mixed in the presence or absence of 2% biochar. Plants of uniform size were subjected after a pretreatment phase (72 days) either to low (36% water holding capacity, water potential low) or high soil water potential (60% water holding capacity, water potential high). Pots were weighed every day to control and maintain a stable water holding capacity. In Medicago ciliaris, drought led to a significant reduction in plant growth and an increase in the root/shoot ratio. The growth response was accompanied by a decreased stomatal conductance and a reduction of the net CO2 assimilation rate and water use efficiency. The associated higher risk of ROS production was indicated by a high level of lipid peroxidation, high antioxidant activities and high proline accumulation. Soil amendment with biochar enhanced the growth significantly and supported the photosynthetic apparatus of Medicago ciliaris species by boosting chlorophyll content and Anet both under well and insufficient watered plants and water use efficiency in case of water shortage. This increase of water use efficiency was correlated with the biochar-mediated decrease of the MDA and proline contents in the leaves buffering the impact of drought on photosynthetic apparatus by increasing the activity of enzymatic antioxidants SOD, APX, GPOX and GR and non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as AsA and DHAsA, giving the overall picture of a moderate stress response. These results confirmed the hypothesis that biochar application significantly reduces both the degree of stress and the negative impact of oxidative stress on Medicago ciliaris plants. These results implied that this species could be suitable as a cash pasture plant in the development of agriculture on dry wasteland in a future world of water shortages.
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References
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TL;DR: It is becoming apparent that plants perceive and respond to drought and salt stresses by quickly altering gene expression in parallel with physiological and biochemical alterations; this occurs even under mild to moderate stress conditions.
3,080 citations
"Physiological and proteomic respons..." refers background in this paper
...Thus, it was proven that the primary factors for nonstomatal Pn limitation under drought stress were enzymatic systems and photosynthetic structures (Chaves et al., 2009)....
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...…factors hinder plant photosynthesis; intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) levels and stomatal limitation (Ls) rates can also help predict whether changes leading to Pn increases or decreases are primarily due to stomatal or non-stomatal limitations (Chaves et al., 2009; Lawlor and Tezara, 2009)....
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...Photosynthetic activity and plant leaf structure are significantly impaired due to declines in stomatal closure and photosynthesis-related enzymes under drought stress (Chaves et al., 2009; Aranjuelo et al., 2010)....
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TL;DR: The primary effect of low RWC on Apot is most probably caused by limited RuBP synthesis, as a result of decreased ATP synthesis, either through inhibition of Coupling Factor activity or amount due to increased ion concentration.
Abstract: Summary
Experimental studies on CO2 assimilation of mesophytic C3 plants in relation to relative water content (RWC) are discussed. Decreasing RWC slows the actual rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (A) and decreases the potential rate (Apot). Generally, as RWC falls from c. 100 to c. 75%, the stomatal conductance (gs) decreases, and with it A. However, there are two general types of relation of Apot to RWC, which are called Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 has two main phases. As RWC decreases from 100 to c. 75%, Apot is unaffected, but decreasing stomatal conductance (gs) results in smaller A, and lower CO2 concentration inside the leaf (Ci) and in the chloroplast (Cc), the latter falling possibly to the compensation point. Down-regulation of electron transport occurs by energy quenching mechanisms, and changes in carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism are considered acclimatory, caused by low Ci and reversible by elevated CO2. Below 75% RWC, there is metabolic inhibition of Apot, inhibition of A then being partly (but progressively less) reversible by elevated CO2; gs regulates A progressively less, and Ci and CO2 compensation point, Γ rise. It is suggested that this is the true stress phase, where the decrease in Apot is caused by decreased ATP synthesis and a consequent decreased synthesis of RuBP. In the Type 2 response, Apot decreases progressively at RWC 100 to 75%, with A being progressively less restored to the unstressed value by elevated CO2. Decreased gs leads to a lower Ci and Cc but they probably do not reach compensation point: gs becomes progressively less important and metabolic limitations more important as RWC falls. The primary effect of low RWC on Apot is most probably caused by limited RuBP synthesis, as a result of decreased ATP synthesis, either through inhibition of Coupling Factor activity or amount due to increased ion concentration. Carbohydrate synthesis and accumulation decrease. Type 2 response is considered equivalent to Type 1 at RWC below c. 75%, with Apot inhibited by limited ATP and RuBP synthesis, respiratory metabolism dominates and Ci and Γ rise. The importance of inhibited ATP synthesis as a primary cause of decreasing Apot is discussed. Factors determining the Type 1 and Type 2 responses are unknown. Electron transport is maintained (but down-regulated) in Types 1 and 2 over a wide range of RWC, and a large reduced/oxidized adenylate ratio results. Metabolic imbalance results in amino acid accumulation and decreased and altered protein synthesis. These conditions profoundly affect cell functions and ultimately cause cell death. Type 1 and 2 responses may reflect differences in gs and in sensitivity of metabolism to decreasing RWC.
1,791 citations
"Physiological and proteomic respons..." refers background in this paper
...The adverse effects of drought stress have frequently manifested a decrease in phenotypic growth and photosynthesis, which are factors associated with changes in substance metabolism (Lawlor and Cornic, 2002; Rouhi et al., 2007; Koh et al., 2015)....
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TL;DR: The environmental induction of anthocyanins and their proposed importance in ameliorating environmental stresses induced by visible and UVB radiation, drought and cold temperatures are reviewed.
Abstract: — Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in all plant tissues throughout the plant kingdom. Our understanding of anthocyanin biosynthesis and its molecular control has greatly improved in the last decade. The adaptive advantages of anthocyanins, especially in non-reproductive tissues, is much less clear. Anthocyanins often appear transiently at specific developmental stages and may be induced by a number of environmental factors including visible and UVB radiation, cold temperatures and water stress. The subsequent production and localization of anthocyanins in root, stem and especially leaf tissues may allow the plant to develop resistance to a number of environmental stresses. This article reviews the environmental induction of anthocyanins and their proposed importance in ameliorating environmental stresses induced by visible and UVB radiation, drought and cold temperatures.
1,425 citations
"Physiological and proteomic respons..." refers background in this paper
...When subjected to drought deficit conditions, plant responses vary greatly at three different levels; wholeplant, cellular, and molecular (Chalker‐Scott, 1999)....
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TL;DR: It is shown that ATP-synthase (coupling factor) decreases with stress and concluded that photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 by stressed leaves is not limited by CO2 diffusion but by inhibition of ribulose biphosphate synthesis, related to lower ATP content resulting from loss of ATP synthase.
Abstract: Water stress substantially alters plant metabolism, decreasing plant growth and photosynthesis1,2,3,4 and profoundly affecting ecosystems and agriculture, and thus human societies5 There is controversy over the mechanisms by which stress decreases photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 Two principal effects are invoked2,4: restricted diffusion of CO2 into the leaf, caused by stomatal closure6,7,8, and inhibition of CO2 metabolism9,10,11 Here we show, in leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L), that stress decreases CO2 assimilation more than it slows O2 evolution, and that the effects are not reversed by high concentrations of CO212,13 Stress decreases the amounts of ATP9,11 and ribulose bisphosphate found in the leaves, correlating with reduced CO2 assimilation11, but the amount and activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) do not correlate We show that ATP-synthase (coupling factor) decreases with stress and conclude that photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 by stressed leaves is not limited by CO2 diffusion but by inhibition of ribulose biphosphate synthesis, related to lower ATP content resulting from loss of ATP synthase
885 citations
"Physiological and proteomic respons..." refers background in this paper
...Proteins involved in energy metabolism The substantial decline in CO2 assimilation under water deficit conditions through the reduction in ATP levels indicated that ATP synthesis would respond to abiotic stress (Tezara et al., 1999; Deeba et al., 2012)....
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TL;DR: Many drought-inducible genes with various functions have been identified, and transgenic plants that harbor these genes have shown increased tolerance to drought.
811 citations
"Physiological and proteomic respons..." refers background in this paper
...Additionally, PRO interacts with hydrophobic protein residues to regulate drought resistance (Nanjo et al., 1999; Seki et al., 2007)....
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...Proline (PRO) is an ideal osmotic adjustment material that can both increase the osmotic potential of plant cells and promote plant cell absorption rates under drought conditions, reflecting plant stress resistance capacity (Seki et al., 2007)....
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