TL;DR: In this paper, the phytochemical screening and antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extract of Termitomyces clypeatus were evaluated through superoxide radical scavenging assay, DPPH radical scavengence assay, chelating ability, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity determining assays.
Abstract: Article history: Received on: 11/03/2016 Revised on: 22/04/2016 Accepted on: 01/06/2016 Available online: 28/07/2016 The present study documents the phytochemical screening and antioxidant properties of ethanolic extract of Termitomyces clypeatus. Phytochemical constituents like phenols, flavonoids and ascorbic acid were much higher than β carotene and lycopene. The analysis of the phenolic compounds performed by HPLC, revealed the presence of pyrogallol (0.223 μg/mg) and cinnamic acid (0.095 μg/mg). Antioxidant activity was evaluated through superoxide radical scavenging assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, chelating ability, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity determining assays. Their EC50 values ranged from 0.21 μg/ml to 3.22 mg/ml. Result implies that T. clypeatus can not only serve as a food supplement but also be used as treatment for various oxidative stress related diseases.
TL;DR: In this paper, a pharmacognostic standard of the dried powder of Volvariella volvacea has been established with a view to establish a pharmacological standard for the mushroom.
Abstract: From ancient times, Volvariella volvacea has been recognized as a dietary addition in many Asian and European countries. Clinical evaluations have also revealed that the fruit body contains a great diversity of pharmacologically active constituents that posses remarkable medicinal activities. However pharmacognostic studies of the mushroom have not been carried out so far. So the present study was conducted with a view to establish a pharmacognostic standard of the dried powder of V. volvacea. Study was executed on the basis of microscopic, physical characters and phytochemical parameters using standard methods. Fluorescence analysis of the dried powder was also conducted using different chemical reagents. On the other hand, a fresh methanol soluble extract was prepared and prelimiminary screening of phytochemicals revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene. In addition, HPLC profile was recorded and results showed existence of 12 peaks as detected at 278 nm which might be of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, DPPH radical scavenging activity (EC50-0.12 mg/ml) and total antioxidant capacity (23.75±1.25 μg ascorbic acid equivalent/mg of extract) were conducted to evaluate antioxidant potentiality of the methanol extract. All these above mentioned standards developed from this study will help in maintaining quality and purity as well as ascertain the identity and authenticity of dried powder of V. volvacea.
6 citations
Cites background from "Phytochemical Study and Antioxidati..."
...Different mushroom metabolites and active components
have shown strong medicinal prospects (Khatua et al., 2013; Mitra et al., 2016; Chatterjee et al., 2014; Chatterjee et al., 2016; Mallick et al., 2014; Mallick et al., 2015; Nandi et al., 2014; Nandi et al., 2013)....
Abstract: The present study aimed at the evaluation of chemical composition and bioactive potential of methanolic extract obtained from Lepista sordida in terms of antioxidative and antimicrobial efficacy. The macrofungus is recognized for its high nutritional value and medicinal properties. However, to the best of our knowledge bioactivity of its methanolic extract is yet to be explored. In this investigation, quantitative analysis of mycochemicals revealed the extract contained significant amount of phenolic compounds such as phenols and flavonoids. Ascorbic acid was found in higher amount than β carotene and lycopene which were present in vestigial amounts. A phenolic profile was also determined using high performance liquid chromatography that further confirmed the presence of 10 phenolic constituents in the extract. Furthermore, the extract was subjected for determining antioxidant potential in different in-vitro assays. The findings showed remarkable 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ABTS radical scavenging ability which was evident by low EC50 values, 330 µg/mL and 30 µg/mL respectively. The extract also demonstrated good chelating and reducing ability, an important marker of antioxidant compounds. Antimicrobial screening displayed positive results against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Altogether, the observations recommend therapeutic application of this mycotaxon on a commercial basis.
3 citations
Cites background from "Phytochemical Study and Antioxidati..."
...In our previous publication, chelating ability of ethanolic extract from Termitomyces clypeatus had been recorded (Mitra et al., 2016) which exhibited higher EC50 value of 0....
TL;DR: A brief review of the current findings through an overview of recently published literature involving taxonomic updates, diversity, distribution, ethno-medicinal uses, nutritional value, medicinal importance, and industrial implementations of Termitomyces, as well as its socioeconomic importance is presented in this article .
Abstract: Termite mushrooms have been classified to the genus Termitomyces, family Lyophyllaceae, order Agaricales. These mushrooms form a mutualistic association with termites in the subfamily Macrotermitinae. In fact, all Termitomyces species are edible and have unique food value attributed to their texture, flavour, nutrient content, and beneficial mediational properties. Additionally, Termitomyces have been recognized for their ethno-medicinal importance in various indigenous communities throughout Asia and Africa. Recent studies on Termitomyces have indicated that their bioactive compounds have the potential to fight against certain human diseases such as cancer, hyperlipidaemia, gastroduodenal diseases, and Alzheimer’s. Furthermore, they possess various beneficial antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Moreover, different enzymes produced from Termitomyces have the potential to be used in a range of industrial applications. Herein, we present a brief review of the current findings through an overview of recently published literature involving taxonomic updates, diversity, distribution, ethno-medicinal uses, nutritional value, medicinal importance, and industrial implementations of Termitomyces, as well as its socioeconomic importance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent rather than the FolinDenis reagent, gallic acid as a reference standard, and a more reproducible time-temperature color development period was investigated.
Abstract: Several details of the assay of total phenolic substances have been investigated and an improved procedure developed. The improvements include the use of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent rather than the Folin-Denis reagent, gallic acid as a reference standard, and a more reproducible time-temperature color development period. The values obtained are less subject to variation and interference from several nonphenols, yet are directly comparable to the "tannin" values obtained by the previously standard method.
18,629 citations
"Phytochemical Study and Antioxidati..." refers methods in this paper
...The content of total phenolic compounds in the ethanolic
extract of T. clypeatus was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Singleton and Rossi 1965)....
"Phytochemical Study and Antioxidati..." refers methods in this paper
...Reducing power of the extract was determined spectrophotometrically at 700 nm as per
methods of Oyaizu (1986) using ascorbic acid as standard verses different concentrations (1.0-2.0 mg/ml)....
TL;DR: It is argued that this damage to DNA, protein, and lipid is a major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts.
Abstract: Metabolism, like other aspects of life, involves tradeoffs. Oxidant by-products of normal metabolism cause extensive damage to DNA, protein, and lipid. We argue that this damage (the same as that produced by radiation) is a major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against this damage include ascorbate, tocopherol, and carotenoids. Dietary fruits and vegetables are the principal source of ascorbate and carotenoids and are one source of tocopherol. Low dietary intake of fruits and vegetables doubles the risk of most types of cancer as compared to high intake and also markedly increases the risk of heart disease and cataracts. Since only 9% of Americans eat the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, the opportunity for improving health by improving diet is great.
6,007 citations
"Phytochemical Study and Antioxidati..." refers background in this paper
...Free radicals and degenerative diseases are associated
with aging and include cancer, cardiovascular disease, immunesystem decline, brain dysfunction and cataracts (Ames et al., 1993; Khatua et al., 2013)....
[...]
...Free radicals and degenerative diseases are associated with aging and include cancer, cardiovascular disease, immunesystem decline, brain dysfunction and cataracts (Ames et al., 1993; Khatua et al., 2013)....
TL;DR: The phosphomolybdenum method is routinely applied in the laboratory to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of plant extracts and to determine vitamin E in a variety of grains and seeds, including corn and soybean.
4,644 citations
"Phytochemical Study and Antioxidati..." refers methods in this paper
...Total antioxidant capacity assay was also carried out as described by Prieto et al. (1999) with little modification (Mitra et al., 2014)....
TL;DR: In this paper, the autoxidation of soybean oil in a cyclodextrin emulsion system was studied in the presence of an emulsion stabilizer consisting of polysaccharides such as xanthan, tragacanth gum, and methylcellulose.
Abstract: The autoxidation of soybean oil in a cyclodextrin emulsion system was studied in the presence of an emulsion stabilizer consisting of polysaccharides such as xanthan, tragacanth gum, and methylcellulose. Xanthan strongly inhibited the peroxidation of soybean oil containing tocopherols but showed no antioxidant activity on soybean oil without tocopherols in the emulsion. Xanthan did not have hydrogen donating ability but expressed Fe2+-binding activity. The Fe2+-binding activity corresponded to the pyruvate content of xanthan. Depyruvated xanthan did not inhibit effectively the autoxidation of soybean oil. The Fe2+-chelating structure of xanthan is discussed
2,919 citations
"Phytochemical Study and Antioxidati..." refers methods in this paper
...DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined for concentrations 2.0 mg/ml to 3.0 mg/ml following the protocol of Shimada et al. (1992)....