Picornavirus and enterovirus diversity with associated human diseases
TL;DR: The Enterovirus genus is a prototype example of the Picornaviridae heterogeneity at both genetic and phenotypic levels and better characterization of these ubiquitous human pathogens may help to develop vaccines or antiviral treatments and to monitor the emergence of new strains.
About: This article is published in Infection, Genetics and Evolution.The article was published on 2013-03-01. It has received 356 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Enterovirus & Picornavirus.
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TL;DR: In this mini-review, a summary of the antiviral effects reported for several natural products and herbal medicines is summarized.
377 citations
Cites background from "Picornavirus and enterovirus divers..."
...[20] The transmission rate in children under 5 years of age is typically high in endemic areas and several outbreaks have occurred over the past few decades....
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...[20] CVA is best known as one of the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children....
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Martin Ludlow1, Jeroen Kortekaas2, Christiane Herden3, Bernd Hoffmann4, Dennis Tappe5, Corinna Trebst6, Diane E. Griffin7, Hannah Brindle8, Tom Solomon8, Alan S. Brown9, Debby van Riel10, Katja C. Wolthers11, Dasja Pajkrt12, Peter Wohlsein1, Byron E. E. Martina10, Wolfgang Baumgärtner1, Georges M. G. M. Verjans1, Georges M. G. M. Verjans10, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus13, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus1 •
University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna1, Wageningen University and Research Centre2, University of Giessen3, Friedrich Loeffler Institute4, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine5, Hannover Medical School6, Johns Hopkins University7, University of Liverpool8, Columbia University Medical Center9, Erasmus University Rotterdam10, University of Amsterdam11, Boston Children's Hospital12, Artemis13
TL;DR: Mechanisms that govern neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of viral infections are highlighted, using examples of well-studied virus infections that are associated with these alterations in different populations throughout the world.
Abstract: A wide range of viruses from different virus families in different geographical areas, may cause immediate or delayed neuropathological changes and neurological manifestations in humans and animals. Infection by neurotropic viruses as well as the resulting immune response can irreversibly disrupt the complex structural and functional architecture of the central nervous system, frequently leaving the patient or affected animal with a poor or fatal prognosis. Mechanisms that govern neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of viral infections are highlighted, using examples of well-studied virus infections that are associated with these alterations in different populations throughout the world. A better understanding of the molecular, epidemiological and biological characteristics of these infections and in particular of mechanisms that underlie their clinical manifestations may be expected to provide tools for the development of more effective intervention strategies and treatment regimens.
211 citations
Cites background from "Picornavirus and enterovirus divers..."
...EVs account for more than 90 % of viral meningitis cases, while encephalitis only occurs in 3 % of neurological EV infections [107, 129]....
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...Based on molecular and serological characteristics the EVs are classified into species EV-A, containing EV71 and several Coxsackie A viruses (CV-A), species EV-B including coxsackie B viruses (CVB) 1–6 and all echoviruses, EV-C with the polioviruses (PVs) 1–3 and several CVAs, and EV-D containing EV-68 [129]....
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...The transport of the virus from its primary replication sites to the brain has not been fully elucidated, and may be realized by crossing the blood–brain barrier or via retrograde transaxonal transport [105, 129]....
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TL;DR: The development of a globally representative multivalent HFMD vaccine could be the best strategy to protect against other major emerging etiologies of HFMD such as CV-A16,CV-A6 and CV- a10.
Abstract: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious viral disease and mainly affects infants and young children. The main manifestations are fever, vesicular rashes on hand, feet and buttocks and ulcers in the oral mucosa. Usually, HFMD is self-limiting, but a small proportion of children may experience severe complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and neurorespiratory syndrome. Historically, outbreaks of HFMD were mainly caused by two enteroviruses: the coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and the enterovirus 71 (EV-A71). In the recent years, coxsackievirus A6 and coxsackievirus A10 have been widely associated with both sporadic cases and outbreaks of HFMD worldwide, particularly in India, South East Asia and Europe with an increased frequency of neurological complications as well as mortality. Currently, there is no pharmacological intervention or vaccine available for HFMD. A formalin-inactivated EV-A71 vaccine has completed clinical trial in several Asian countries. However, this vaccine cannot protect against other major emerging etiologies of HFMD such as CV-A16, CV-A6 and CV-A10. Therefore, the development of a globally representative multivalent HFMD vaccine could be the best strategy.
141 citations
Additional excerpts
...Based on phylogenetic data, human enteroviruses are currently grouped into seven species (human enterovirus A–D and human rhinovirus A–C) encompassing more than 250 serologically distinct viruses [3, 4]....
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TL;DR: This review is an overview of what is known from enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children and contains information about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of enterov virus and paredchov virus infection inChildren.
Abstract: Enterovirus and parechovirus are a frequent cause of infection in children. This review is an overview of what is known from enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children and contains information about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children.
138 citations
TL;DR: More randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trials in different age populations investigating probiotic dose response, comparing probiotic strains/genera, and elucidating the antiviral effect mechanisms are necessary to provide insights on the possible antiviral mechanisms of probiotics.
Abstract: Viral respiratory infections are the most common diseases in humans. A large range of etiologic agents challenge the development of efficient therapies. Research suggests that probiotics are able to decrease the risk or duration of respiratory infection symptoms. However, the antiviral mechanisms of probiotics are unclear. The purpose of this paper is to review the current knowledge on the effects of probiotics on respiratory virus infections and to provide insights on the possible antiviral mechanisms of probiotics. A PubMed and Scopus database search was performed up to January 2014 using appropriate search terms on probiotic and respiratory virus infections in cell models, in animal models, and in humans, and reviewed for their relevance. Altogether, thirty-three clinical trials were reviewed. The studies varied highly in study design, outcome measures, probiotics, dose, and matrices used. Twenty-eight trials reported that probiotics had beneficial effects in the outcome of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and five showed no clear benefit. Only eight studies reported investigating viral etiology from the respiratory tract, and one of these reported a significant decrease in viral load. Based on experimental studies, probiotics may exert antiviral effects directly in probiotic–virus interaction or via stimulation of the immune system. Although probiotics seem to be beneficial in respiratory illnesses, the role of probiotics on specific viruses has not been investigated sufficiently. Due to the lack of confirmatory studies and varied data available, more randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trials in different age populations investigating probiotic dose response, comparing probiotic strains/genera, and elucidating the antiviral effect mechanisms are necessary.
132 citations
Cites background from "Picornavirus and enterovirus divers..."
...The second most common viruses infecting humans are the human enteroviruses (HEV), which are associated with clinical manifestations ranging from mild respiratory symptoms to serious conditions [2]....
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...Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are the largest group of respiratory viruses, comprising over 150 serotypes [2]....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 2000TL;DR: This report builds on the accumulated taxonomic construction of the eight previous reports dating back to 1971 and records the proceedings of the Committee since publication of the last report in 2005.
Abstract: The practical need to partition the world of viruses into distinguishable, universally agreed upon entities is the ultimate justification for developing a virus classification system. Since 1971, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) operating on behalf of the world community of virologists has taken on the task of developing a single, universal taxonomic scheme for all viruses infecting animals (vertebrate, invertebrates, and protozoa), plants (higher plants and algae), fungi, bacteria, and archaea. The current report builds on the accumulated taxonomic construction of the eight previous reports dating back to 1971 and records the proceedings of the Committee since publication of the last report in 2005. Representing the work of more than 500 virologists worldwide, this report is the authoritative reference for virus organization, distinction, and structure.
2,905 citations
TL;DR: This study supports the hypothesis that upper respiratory viral infections are associated with 80-85% of asthma exacerbations in school age children.
Abstract: Objective: To study the association between upper and lower respiratory viral infections and acute exacerbations of asthma in schoolchildren in the community. Design: Community based 13 month longitudinal study using diary card respiratory symptom and peak expiratory flow monitoring to allow early sampling for viruses. Subjects: 108 Children aged 9-11 years who had reported wheeze or cough, or both, in a questionnaire. Setting: Southampton and surrounding community. Main outcome measures: Upper and lower respiratory viral infections detected by polymerase chain reaction or conventional methods, reported exacerbations of asthma, computer identified episodes of respiratory tract symptoms or peak flow reductions. Results: Viruses were detected in 80% of reported episodes of reduced peak expiratory flow, 80% of reported episodes of wheeze, and in 85% of reported episodes of upper respiratory symptoms, cough, wheeze, and a fall in peak expiratory flow. The median duration of reported falls in peak expiratory flow was 14 days, and the median maximum fall in peak expiratory flow was 81 1/min. The most commonly identified virus type was rhinovirus. Conclusions: This study supports the hypothesis that upper respiratory viral infections are associated with 80-85% of asthma exacerbations in school age children. Key messages Key messages In this study common cold viruses were found in 80-85% of reported exacerbations of asthma in children Rhinoviruses, which cause most common colds, accounted for two thirds of viruses detected Analysis of diary cards also showed large numbers of similar but less severe episodes that may also be viral in origin
1,889 citations
TL;DR: This work describes a simple relation between ribovirus mutation frequencies and mutation rates, applies it to the best (albeit far from satisfactory) available data, and observes a central value for the mutation rate per genome per replication of micro(g) approximately 0.76.
Abstract: The rate of spontaneous mutation is a key parameter in modeling the genetic structure and evolution of populations. The impact of the accumulated load of mutations and the consequences of increasing the mutation rate are important in assessing the genetic health of populations. Mutation frequencies are among the more directly measurable population parameters, although the information needed to convert them into mutation rates is often lacking. A previous analysis of mutation rates in RNA viruses (specifically in riboviruses rather than retroviruses) was constrained by the quality and quantity of available measurements and by the lack of a specific theoretical framework for converting mutation frequencies into mutation rates in this group of organisms. Here, we describe a simple relation between ribovirus mutation frequencies and mutation rates, apply it to the best (albeit far from satisfactory) available data, and observe a central value for the mutation rate per genome per replication of μg ≈ 0.76. (The rate per round of cell infection is twice this value or about 1.5.) This value is so large, and ribovirus genomes are so informationally dense, that even a modest increase extinguishes the population.
1,102 citations
26 Feb 2003
1,077 citations
TL;DR: Enterovirus 71 is a major public health issue across the Asia-Pacific region and beyond, with new outbreaks occurring across Asia in regular cycles, and virus gene subgroups seem to differ in clinical epidemiological properties.
Abstract: First isolated in California, USA, in 1969, enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major public health issue across the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. The virus, which is closely related to polioviruses, mostly affects children and causes hand, foot, and mouth disease with neurological and systemic complications. Specific receptors for this virus are found on white blood cells, cells in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, and dendritic cells. Being an RNA virus, EV71 lacks a proofreading mechanism and is evolving rapidly, with new outbreaks occurring across Asia in regular cycles, and virus gene subgroups seem to differ in clinical epidemiological properties. The pathogenesis of the severe cardiopulmonary manifestations and the relative contributions of neurogenic pulmonary oedema, cardiac dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, and cytokine storm are controversial. Public health interventions to control outbreaks involve social distancing measures, but their effectiveness has not been fully assessed. Vaccines being developed include inactivated whole-virus, live attenuated, subviral particle, and DNA vaccines.
1,050 citations