Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting From a Magnetically Coupled Vibrational Source
01 Feb 2021-IEEE Sensors Journal (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE))-Vol. 21, Iss: 3, pp 3831-3838
TL;DR: In this article, a magnetically coupled method to efficiently transfer vibrational energy from a source to a piezoelectric energy harvester is presented, which enables energy harvesting from vibration sources to which direct physical contact is not feasible or not preferred.
Abstract: This article presents a new magnetically coupled method to efficiently transfer vibrational energy from a source to a piezoelectric energy harvester. This method enables energy harvesting from vibration sources to which direct physical contact is not feasible or not preferred. The proposed harvester uses the piezoelectric cantilever in combination with two permanent magnets; one attached to the free end of the cantilever while the other magnet is firmly attached to the vibrational source facing the magnet on the cantilever. These magnets are kept in repulsive mode. As the source oscillates, the attached magnet follows the movement of the source. Due to this, the magnet on the cantilever gets perturbed and follows the movement of the source, bending the cantilever cyclically and generating a voltage output. This proposed arrangement not only (a) helps to scavenge energy without directly fitting the piezoelectric element and associated wiring on the vibrating source but also (b) provides more flexibility to adjust the resonant frequency, by varying the air gap between the magnets, (c) gives higher bandwidth compared to the conventional piezoelectric harvesters, ensuring less effect due to small mismatch between the frequency of the source and resonant frequency of the harvester. This is automatically achieved due to the nonlinearity of the system, introduced by the magnets. Prototypes of the proposed harvester and an equivalent conventional harvester are developed and tested. Results proved the functionality of the proposed harvester and showed superior performance in terms of gain, bandwidth, and charging time of a storage capacitor.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper , a magnetic coupling noncontact piezoelectric wind energy harvester with a compound-embedded structure was proposed to improve the power generation performance, environmental adaptability, and reliability.
Abstract: Herein, we propose a magnetic-coupling non-contact piezoelectric wind energy harvester with a compound-embedded structure to improve the power generation performance, environmental adaptability, and reliability. It is mainly composed of a cylinder, a fixed square plate, and a generator which is embedded inside a square shell and indirectly excited by the magnetic force. Unlike most existing harvesters where the performance improvement was achieved by changing cylinder geometry, this harvester realized the enhancement and suppression of the power generation performance via the interference effect of the square plate on the cylinder. The feasibility of the structure and principle of the harvester was proved through simulations and experiments. At the distance-diameter ratio of 2 and the width-diameter ratio of 3, the corresponding Strouhal number of the cylinder varied from 0.223 to 0.113, realizing the conversion from vortex-induced vibration to galloping vibration with larger amplitude. Thus, the maximum voltage of the proposed harvester increased from 7.5 V to 14.8 V, and the corresponding excitation wind speed was reduced by 10.5 m/s. Besides, according to two evaluation indicators proposed in this paper, the performance improvements on the proposed harvester could be characterized as 201.57% and 97.33%, respectively. As a result, the proposed harvester could output a maximum power density of 2.139 mW/cm3, which was 289.62 % higher than the 0.549 mW/cm3of the harvester with a single cylinder.
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TL;DR: A review and analysis of MEH applications in WSN like vehicular systems and technologies and the successful approaches are introduced and classified based on technical characteristics and working principles.
Abstract: Energy harvesting (EH), as an enabling technology of energy derivation from ambient sources, has attracted much research attention in wireless sensor network (WSN) context. The magnetic energy harvester (MEH) introduces ambient energy harvesters’ most promising technological development. This paper presents a review and analysis of MEH applications in WSN like vehicular systems and technologies. The successful approaches are introduced and classified based on technical characteristics and working principles. The fundamentals of their operation are discussed in detail, and the power points of each method are reviewed. To select the optimal energy harvester, in this work a case study is provided for feeding navigational sensors mounted on a rotating wheel of vehicles. Finally, the performance of the developed MEH model is evaluated and discussed for harvesting energy at the rotating wheels of a ground vehicle. To offer electromagnetic field analysis of the studied MEH, the simulations are performed in Ansys Maxwell software for further harvested power evaluation.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors put forward a method to enhance the output power of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) through a magnetic field by combining the ion-electronic and magnetoelectric effects.
Abstract: In this paper, we put forward a method to enhance the output power of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) through a magnetic field by combining the ion-electronic and magnetoelectric effects. Firstly, we confirmed that the total output voltage of IPMC deformation originates from the vector superposition of ion-electronic and magnetoelectric effects when applied a magnetic field. The open circuit voltage and output power of IPMC were experimentally investigated by adjusting the deflecting frequency and magnetic field intensity. As the frequency and magnetic field intensity increase, the increased voltage and output power caused by the magnetic field show an upward trend. Then, the experimental results were analyzed and verified through the piezoelectric and magnetoelectric theory. The results show that the increased voltage has a linear relationship with the frequency and magnetic field intensity and has nothing to do with the inherent parameters of IPMC itself. Finally, we performed simulation and practical tests to verify the energy harvesting effect of this strategy. During the energy harvesting test of water flow fluctuation, the open circuit voltage was increased by 41.91% and the output energy was increased by 110.03%, which indicates that this strategy has excellent performance in practical applications. By this study, the power generation performance of IPMC was explored and improved through multiple physical mechanisms.
2 citations
Cites methods from "Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Fro..."
...In 2021, Lee et al [29] proposed a new magnetically coupled method to efficiently transfer the vibrational energy from a source to a piezoelectric energy harvester....
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...As shown in figure 4(a), according to the piezoelectric theory of IPMC proposed by Lee et al [34], the length of the cantilever beam is defined as L, the thickness is H and the end displacement is defined as S, then the ionic electrical response V I of IE effect satisfies the formula as follows: VI = 2H2d 3L2 S. (1) In this formula, d is a constant, which is determined by the ratio of Young’s modulus and the electromechanical coupling coefficient of IPMC, it can be calculated by measuring the relationship between the generated voltage and the displacement....
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TL;DR: In this article , a frequency upconverting (FUC) piezoelectric vibration energy harvester with a single low-frequency resonator that impacts twice per oscillation cycle on a single high-frequency unimorph generator is presented.
Abstract: This article presents a theoretical, numerical, and experimental study of a frequency upconverting (FUC) piezoelectric vibration energy harvester with a single low-frequency resonator that impacts twice per oscillation cycle on a single high-frequency unimorph generator. The model’s relevant physical aspects are specially designed to enhance the electrical output power over a wide-frequency range in the low-frequency excitation. The proposed double impact strategy allows obtaining a nearly constant output voltage, in contrast to typical upconverting mechanisms whose output voltage decays quickly in time. The device is safe from fatigue and can be used in high acceleration scenarios because the large displacements are limited by the generating beam, which acts as a natural stopper in an upward and downward directions. The prototype is designed to obtain a low value of optimal resistance with enhanced broadband performance below 25 Hz. The double impact FUC energy harvester’s performance is improved by adjusting the gap distance, the thickness of the generating beam, and the tip mass of the driving beam. The harvester reports 1428- $\mu \text{W}$ peak output power at 20 Hz and $400 ~\mu \text{W}$ of average power for a usable bandwidth from 17.5 to 22 Hz in health monitoring systems.
1 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a comprehensive review of the principles and operating strategies for increasing the operating frequency range of vibration-based micro-generators presented in the literature to date.
Abstract: This paper reviews possible strategies to increase the operational frequency range of vibration-based micro-generators. Most vibration-based micro-generators are spring-mass-damper systems which generate maximum power when the resonant frequency of the generator matches the frequency of the ambient vibration. Any difference between these two frequencies can result in a significant decrease in generated power. This is a fundamental limitation of resonant vibration generators which restricts their capability in real applications. Possible solutions include the periodic tuning of the resonant frequency of the generator so that it matches the frequency of the ambient vibration at all times or widening the bandwidth of the generator. Periodic tuning can be achieved using mechanical or electrical methods. Bandwidth widening can be achieved using a generator array, a mechanical stopper, non-linear (e.g. magnetic) springs or bi-stable structures. Tuning methods can be classified into intermittent tuning (power is consumed periodically to tune the device) and continuous tuning (the tuning mechanism is continuously powered). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the principles and operating strategies for increasing the operating frequency range of vibration-based micro-generators presented in the literature to date. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are evaluated and conclusions are drawn regarding the relevant merits of each approach.
588 citations
"Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Fro..." refers background in this paper
...tunable resonant frequencies have been reported in [3], [4], and [10]....
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...This results in improved bandwidth [2], [3], [18], and [19]....
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...mass decide the resonance frequency of the structure [3], [7]....
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...ENERGY harvesting unit is a key sub-system in the sensor systems that are designed to deploy in areas or applications where access to electrical power is limited [1]–[3]....
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TL;DR: Practical engineering solutions are focused on which sensor devices are used and what they are used for; and the identification of sensor configurations and network topologies, which identifies their respective motivations and distinguishes their advantages and disadvantages in a comparative review.
Abstract: In recent years, the range of sensing technologies has expanded rapidly, whereas sensor devices have become cheaper. This has led to a rapid expansion in condition monitoring of systems, structures, vehicles, and machinery using sensors. Key factors are the recent advances in networking technologies such as wireless communication and mobile ad hoc networking coupled with the technology to integrate devices. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used for monitoring the railway infrastructure such as bridges, rail tracks, track beds, and track equipment along with vehicle health monitoring such as chassis, bogies, wheels, and wagons. Condition monitoring reduces human inspection requirements through automated monitoring, reduces maintenance through detecting faults before they escalate, and improves safety and reliability. This is vital for the development, upgrading, and expansion of railway networks. This paper surveys these wireless sensors network technology for monitoring in the railway industry for analyzing systems, structures, vehicles, and machinery. This paper focuses on practical engineering solutions, principally, which sensor devices are used and what they are used for; and the identification of sensor configurations and network topologies. It identifies their respective motivations and distinguishes their advantages and disadvantages in a comparative review.
392 citations
"Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Fro..." refers background in this paper
...accelerometer unit, monitoring the track vibrations only last few days [25] and hence adding energy towards self-sustaining them will lead to a more reliable railway monitoring system With development in IoT and low power wireless transmission modules low power sensors are being developed which can measure, analyse and transfer simultaneously parameters like...
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...or when an anomaly is detected, and then an alarm may be activated [25] to prevent possible accidents....
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TL;DR: In this article, a magnetic coupled piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) was proposed, in which the magnetic interaction was introduced by a magnetic oscillator, which achieved a nearly 100% increase in the operating bandwidth and 41% increase of the magnitude of the power output.
Abstract: This letter proposes a magnetic coupled piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH), in which the magnetic interaction is introduced by a magnetic oscillator. For comparison purpose, lumped parameter models are established for the conventional linear PEH, the nonlinear PEH with a fixed magnet, and the proposed PEH with a magnetic oscillator. Both experiment and simulation show the benefits from the dynamics of the magnetic oscillator. In the experiment, nearly 100% increase in the operating bandwidth and 41% increase in the magnitude of the power output are achieved at an excitation level of 2 m/s2.
271 citations
"Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Fro..." refers background or methods in this paper
...This is an efficient way to introduce nonlinearity and additional stiffness into the system [16]....
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...The magnets are introduced to realize bistability conditions [10], [15], and [16]....
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TL;DR: The classical problem of the deflection of a cantilever beam of linear elastic material, under the action of an external vertical concentrated load at the free end, is analyzed in this paper.
Abstract: The classical problem of the deflection of a cantilever beam of linear elastic material, under the action of an external vertical concentrated load at the free end, is analysed We present the differential equation governing the behaviour of this physical system and show that this equation, although straightforward in appearance, is in fact rather difficult to solve due to the presence of a non-linear term In this sense, this system is similar to another well known physical system: the simple pendulum An approximation of the behaviour of a cantilever beam for small deflections was obtained from the equation for large deflections, and we present various numerical results for both cases Finally, we compare the theoretical results with the experimental results obtained in the laboratory
241 citations
"Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Fro..." refers background in this paper
...FC L can be represented as in (5) [20]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a nonlinear beam converter with white-noise vibration was proposed to improve energy harvesting from wide-spectrum vibrations in a cantilever beam with added nonlinearity, which was simulated by using a MATLAB® Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE) Toolbox with a white noise vibration.
171 citations
"Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Fro..." refers background in this paper
...Another way to increase the bandwidth is by introducing non-linearity into the system, by design, as in [2], [8], [9] and [10]....
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...This can be modeled using an additional coupling spring, with spring constant kc, and damper with damping factor dc [10]....
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...tunable resonant frequencies have been reported in [3], [4], and [10]....
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...The magnets are introduced to realize bistability conditions [10], [15], and [16]....
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...When the cantilever with proof mass oscillates, it passes through the unstable and stable regions, introducing various harmonic components [10]....
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