Piezoelectric energy harvesting with parametric uncertainty
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of parametric uncertainty in the mechanical system on the harvested power was investigated, and approximate explicit formulae for the optimal electrical parameters that maximize the mean harvested power were derived.
Abstract: The design and analysis of energy harvesting devices is becoming increasing important in recent years. Most of the literature has focused on the deterministic analysis of these systems and the problem of uncertain parameters has received less attention. Energy harvesting devices exhibit parametric uncertainty due to errors in measurement, errors in modelling and variability in the parameters during manufacture. This paper investigates the effect of parametric uncertainty in the mechanical system on the harvested power, and derives approximate explicit formulae for the optimal electrical parameters that maximize the mean harvested power. The maximum of the mean harvested power decreases with increasing uncertainty, and the optimal frequency at which the maximum mean power occurs shifts. The effect of the parameter variance on the optimal electrical time constant and optimal coupling coefficient are reported. Monte Carlo based simulation results are used to further analyse the system under parametric uncertainty.
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1,196 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of load resistance on the harvested power of a circular cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibrations and showed that load resistance has a significant effect on the oscillation amplitude, lift coefficient, voltage output, and harvested power.
235 citations
Cites methods from "Piezoelectric energy harvesting wit..."
...Including the piezoelectric transducer and considering a load resistance in the electrical circuit [40,41,26], we add to the flow equations, the equations governing the cylinder displacement, Y, and generated voltage, V, which are written as M € Y þ C _ Y þ KY−θV 1⁄4 FY ðtÞ; (6)...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effects of the electrical load resistance and cross-section geometry on the onset of galloping, which is due to a Hopf bifurcation.
Abstract: The concept of harvesting energy from transverse galloping oscillations of a bluff body with different cross-section geometries is investigated. The energy is harvested by attaching a piezoelectric transducer to the transverse degree of freedom of the body. The power levels that can be generated from these vibrations and the variations of these levels with the load resistance, cross-section geometry, and freestream velocity are determined. A representative model that accounts for the transverse displacement of the bluff body and harvested voltage is presented. The quasi-steady approximation is used to model the aerodynamic loads. A linear analysis is performed to determine the effects of the electrical load resistance and the cross-section geometry on the onset of galloping, which is due to a Hopf bifurcation. The normal form of this bifurcation is derived to determine the type (supercritical or subcritical) of the instability and to characterize the effects of the linear and nonlinear parameters on the level of harvested power near the bifurcation. The results show that the electrical load resistance and the cross-section geometry affect the onset speed of galloping. The results also show that the maximum levels of harvested power are accompanied with minimum transverse displacement amplitudes for all considered (square, D, and triangular) cross-section geometries, which points to the need for performing a coupled analysis of the system.
181 citations
Cites methods from "Piezoelectric energy harvesting wit..."
...Including the piezoelectric transducer and considering a load resistance in the electrical circuit [39–41, 19, 15], we write the governing equations of the coupled electromechanical system as...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a comprehensive review of the literature on each of these energy harvesting technologies, including information on the harvesting principle, prototype development, implementation efforts, and economic consideration for each harvesting technology.
125 citations
Cites background from "Piezoelectric energy harvesting wit..."
...In addition, several factors affect piezoelectric device performances in energy harvesting [76], such as piezoelectric constants, distribution of electrical permittivity, geometry, tolerance of a ceramic, and delamination of a ceramic [77]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the possibility of using piezoelectric energy harvesters as energy scavenging devices in highway bridges was investigated, where the structural vibration due to the motion of a load (vehicle) on the bridge was considered.
Abstract: This article investigates the possibility of piezoelectric energy harvesters as energy scavenging devices in highway bridges. The structural vibration due to the motion of a load (vehicle) on the b...
116 citations
Cites background from "Piezoelectric energy harvesting wit..."
...Piezoelectric energy harvesters generate power from the strain in piezoelectric materials in response to external mechanical vibrations (Tanner and Inman, 2002; Sodano et al., 2005; Adhikari et al., 2009; Ali et al., 2010)....
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...Piezoelectric energy harvesters generate power from the strain in piezoelectric materials in response to external mechanical vibrations (Tanner and Inman, 2002; Sodano et al., 2005; Adhikari et al., 2009; Ali et al., 2010)....
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...The length of the beam in the harvester described by Elvin et al. (2006) has been increased so that the first natural frequency of the harvester matches the first natural frequency of the bridge (Renno et al., 2009; Ali et al., 2010)....
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...(2006) has been increased so that the first natural frequency of the harvester matches the first natural frequency of the bridge (Renno et al., 2009; Ali et al., 2010)....
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review of existing piezoelectric generators is presented in this paper, including impact coupled, resonant and human-based devices, including large scale discrete devices and wafer-scale integrated versions.
Abstract: This paper reviews the state-of-the art in vibration energy harvesting for wireless, self-powered microsystems. Vibration-powered generators are typically, although not exclusively, inertial spring and mass systems. The characteristic equations for inertial-based generators are presented, along with the specific damping equations that relate to the three main transduction mechanisms employed to extract energy from the system. These transduction mechanisms are: piezoelectric, electromagnetic and electrostatic. Piezoelectric generators employ active materials that generate a charge when mechanically stressed. A comprehensive review of existing piezoelectric generators is presented, including impact coupled, resonant and human-based devices. Electromagnetic generators employ electromagnetic induction arising from the relative motion between a magnetic flux gradient and a conductor. Electromagnetic generators presented in the literature are reviewed including large scale discrete devices and wafer-scale integrated versions. Electrostatic generators utilize the relative movement between electrically isolated charged capacitor plates to generate energy. The work done against the electrostatic force between the plates provides the harvested energy. Electrostatic-based generators are reviewed under the classifications of in-plane overlap varying, in-plane gap closing and out-of-plane gap closing; the Coulomb force parametric generator and electret-based generators are also covered. The coupling factor of each transduction mechanism is discussed and all the devices presented in the literature are summarized in tables classified by transduction type; conclusions are drawn as to the suitability of the various techniques.
2,834 citations
TL;DR: The field of power harvesting has experienced significant growth over the past few years due to the ever-increasing desire to produce portable and wireless electronics with extended lifespans as mentioned in this paper, and the use of batteries can be troublesome due to their limited lifespan, thus necessitating their periodic replacement.
Abstract: The field of power harvesting has experienced significant growth over the past few years due to the ever-increasing desire to produce portable and wireless electronics with extended lifespans. Current portable and wireless devices must be designed to include electrochemical batteries as the power source. The use of batteries can be troublesome due to their limited lifespan, thus necessitating their periodic replacement. In the case of wireless sensors that are to be placed in remote locations, the sensor must be easily accessible or of a disposable nature to allow the device to function over extended periods of time. Energy scavenging devices are designed to capture the ambient energy surrounding the electronics and convert it into usable electrical energy. The concept of power harvesting works towards developing self-powered devices that do not require replaceable power supplies. A number of sources of harvestable ambient energy exist, including waste heat, vibration, electromagnetic waves, wind, flowing water, and solar energy. While each of these sources of energy can be effectively used to power remote sensors, the structural and biological communities have placed an emphasis on scavenging vibrational energy with piezoelectric materials. This article will review recent literature in the field of power harvesting and present the current state of power harvesting in its drive to create completely self-powered devices.
2,438 citations
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the research that has been performed in the area of power harvesting and the future goals that must be achieved for power harvesting systems to find their way into everyday use.
Abstract: The process of acquiring the energy surround- ing a system and converting it into usable electrical energy is termed power harvesting. In the last few years, there has been a surge of research in the area of power harvesting. This increase in research has been brought on by the mod- ern advances in wireless technology and low-power electron- ics such as microelectromechanical systems. The advances have allowed numerous doors to open for power harvesting systems in practical real-world applications. The use of pie- zoelectric materials to capitalize on the ambient vibrations surrounding a system is one method that has seen a dramat- ic rise in use for power harvesting. Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure that provides them with the ability to transform mechanical strain energy into electrical charge and, vice versa, to convert an applied electrical potential into mechanical strain. This property provides these materials with the ability to absorb mechanical energy from their surround- ings, usually ambient vibration, and transform it into electrical energy that can be used to power other devices. While piezo- electric materials are the major method of harvesting energy, other methods do exist; for example, one of the conventional methods is the use of electromagnetic devices. In this paper we discuss the research that has been performed in the area of power harvesting and the future goals that must be achieved for power harvesting systems to find their way into everyday use. and replacement of the battery can become a tedious task. In the case of wireless sensors, these devices can be placed in very remote locations such as structural sensors on a bridge or global positioning system (GPS) tracking devices on ani- mals in the wild. When the battery is extinguished of all its power, the sensor must be retrieved and the battery re- placed. Because of the remote placement of these devices, obtaining the sensor simply to replace the battery can be- come a very expensive task or even impossible. For in- stance, in civil infrastructure applications it is often desirable to embed the sensor, making battery replacement unfeasible. If ambient energy in the surrounding medium could be ob- tained, then it could be used to replace or charge the battery. One method is to use piezoelectric materials to obtain ener- gy lost due to vibrations of the host structure. This captured energy could then be used to prolong the life of the power supply or in the ideal case provide endless energy for the electronic devices lifespan. For these reasons, the amount of research devoted to power harvesting has been rapidly in- creasing. In this paper we review and detail some of the top- ics in power harvesting that have been receiving the most research, including energy harvesting from mechanical vi- bration, biological systems, and the effects of power har- vesting on the vibration of a structure.
1,242 citations
"Piezoelectric energy harvesting wit..." refers background in this paper
...Reviews on energy harvesting from mechanical and biological systems are given by references [1, 5, 6]....
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TL;DR: The use of piezoelectric materials to capitalize on the ambient vibrations surrounding a system is one method that has seen a dramatic rise in use for power harvesting in the last few years.
Abstract: The process of acquiring the energy surrounding a system and converting it into usable electrical energy is termed power harvesting. In the last few years, there has been a surge of research in the area of power harvesting. This increase in research has been brought on by the modern advances in wireless technology and low-power electronics such as microelectromechanical systems. The advances have allowed numerous doors to open for power harvesting systems in practical real-world applications. The use of piezoelectric materials to capitalize on the ambient vibrations surrounding a system is one method that has seen a dramatic rise in use for power harvesting. Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure that provides them with the ability to transform mechanical strain energy into electrical charge and, vice versa, to convert an applied electrical potential into mechanical strain. This property provides these materials with the ability to absorb mechanical energy from their surroundings, usually ambient vibration, and transform it into electrical energy that can be used to power other devices. While piezoelectric materials are the major method of harvesting energy, other methods do exist; for example, one of the conventional methods is the use of electromagnetic devices. In this paper we discuss the research that has been performed in the area of power harvesting, and the future goals that must be achieved for power harvesting systems to find their way into everyday use.
1,241 citations