Pilot demonstration of the NH3/CO2 forward osmosis desalination process on high salinity brines
TL;DR: An NH3/CO2 forward osmosis (FO) membrane brine concentrator (MBC) pilot was tested in the desalination of frac flowback and produced waters from natural gas extraction operations in the Marcellus shale region as mentioned in this paper.
About: This article is published in Desalination.The article was published on 2013-03-01. It has received 327 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Desalination & Forward osmosis.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the energy efficiency of the forward osmosis (FO) process is analyzed and the potential use of low-cost energy sources is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of the structural parameter, reverse solute flux selectivity, and the constraints imposed by the permeability selectivity tradeoff.
686 citations
Cites background or methods from "Pilot demonstration of the NH3/CO2 ..."
...Ammonia–carbon dioxide, which holds great promise as a draw solute due to its ability to be thermally evaporated for facile draw solution regeneration [3,48], suffers from particularly high membrane solute permeability....
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...The specific energy consumption of the Oasys hybrid FO system was reported to be significantly lower than other thermal distillation methods [48]....
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...recently demonstrated the use of a hybrid FO system with an ammonia–carbon dioxide draw solution and a distillation column for draw solute recovery for desalination of high-salinity shale gas produced water [48,97]....
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TL;DR: It is found that desalination for reuse of produced water is technically feasible and can be economically relevant, however, because produced water management is primarily an economic decision, expanding desalinated for reuse is dependent on process and material improvements to reduce capital and operating costs.
Abstract: In the rapidly developing shale gas industry, managing produced water is a major challenge for maintaining the profitability of shale gas extraction while protecting public health and the environment. We review the current state of practice for produced water management across the United States and discuss the interrelated regulatory, infrastructure, and economic drivers for produced water reuse. Within this framework, we examine the Marcellus shale play, a region in the eastern United States where produced water is currently reused without desalination. In the Marcellus region, and in other shale plays worldwide with similar constraints, contraction of current reuse opportunities within the shale gas industry and growing restrictions on produced water disposal will provide strong incentives for produced water desalination for reuse outside the industry. The most challenging scenarios for the selection of desalination for reuse over other management strategies will be those involving high-salinity produced water, which must be desalinated with thermal separation processes. We explore desalination technologies for treatment of high-salinity shale gas produced water, and we critically review mechanical vapor compression (MVC), membrane distillation (MD), and forward osmosis (FO) as the technologies best suited for desalination of high-salinity produced water for reuse outside the shale gas industry. The advantages and challenges of applying MVC, MD, and FO technologies to produced water desalination are discussed, and directions for future research and development are identified. We find that desalination for reuse of produced water is technically feasible and can be economically relevant. However, because produced water management is primarily an economic decision, expanding desalination for reuse is dependent on process and material improvements to reduce capital and operating costs.
676 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the key challenges facing membrane distillation and explore the opportunities for improving membrane membranes and system design, highlighting the outlook for MD desalination, highlighting challenges and key areas for future research and development.
Abstract: Energy-efficient desalination and water treatment technologies play a critical role in augmenting freshwater resources without placing an excessive strain on limited energy supplies. By desalinating high-salinity waters using low-grade or waste heat, membrane distillation (MD) has the potential to increase sustainable water production, a key facet of the water-energy nexus. However, despite advances in membrane technology and the development of novel process configurations, the viability of MD as an energy-efficient desalination process remains uncertain. In this review, we examine the key challenges facing MD and explore the opportunities for improving MD membranes and system design. We begin by exploring how the energy efficiency of MD is limited by the thermal separation of water and dissolved solutes. We then assess the performance of MD relative to other desalination processes, including reverse osmosis and multi-effect distillation, comparing various metrics including energy efficiency, energy quality, and susceptibility to fouling. By analyzing the impact of membrane properties on the energy efficiency of an MD desalination system, we demonstrate the importance of maximizing porosity and optimizing thickness to minimize energy consumption. We also show how ineffective heat recovery and temperature polarization can limit the energetic performance of MD and how novel process variants seek to reduce these inefficiencies. Fouling, scaling, and wetting can have a significant detrimental impact on MD performance. We outline how novel membrane designs with special surface wettability and process-based fouling control strategies may bolster membrane and process robustness. Finally, we explore applications where MD may be able to outperform established desalination technologies, increasing water production without consuming large amounts of electrical or high-grade thermal energy. We conclude by discussing the outlook for MD desalination, highlighting challenges and key areas for future research and development.
665 citations
TL;DR: This critical review discusses the drivers, incentives, technologies, and environmental impacts of zero liquid discharge, and highlights the evolution of ZLD from thermal- to membrane-based processes, and analyzes the advantages and limitations of existing and emerging ZLD technologies.
Abstract: Zero liquid discharge (ZLD)—a wastewater management strategy that eliminates liquid waste and maximizes water usage efficiency — has attracted renewed interest worldwide in recent years. Although implementation of ZLD reduces water pollution and augments water supply, the technology is constrained by high cost and intensive energy consumption. In this critical review, we discuss the drivers, incentives, technologies, and environmental impacts of ZLD. Within this framework, the global applications of ZLD in the United States and emerging economies such as China and India are examined. We highlight the evolution of ZLD from thermal- to membrane-based processes, and analyze the advantages and limitations of existing and emerging ZLD technologies. The potential environmental impacts of ZLD, notably greenhouse gas emission and generation of solid waste, are discussed and the prospects of ZLD technologies and research needs are highlighted.
621 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a critical review of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes is presented, highlighting and providing context for recent module-scale modeling studies that have found limited impact of increased water permeability on the efficiency of desalination processes.
Abstract: Desalination membranes are essential for the treatment of unconventional water sources, such as seawater and wastewater, to alleviate water scarcity. Promising research efforts on novel membrane materials may yield significant performance gains over state-of-the-art thin-film composite (TFC) membranes, which are constrained by the permeability–selectivity trade-off. However, little guidance currently exists on the practical impact of such performance gains, namely enhanced water permeability or enhanced water–solute selectivity. In this critical review, we first discuss the performance of current TFC membranes. We then highlight and provide context for recent module-scale modeling studies that have found limited impact of increased water permeability on the efficiency of desalination processes. Next we cover several important examples of water treatment processes in which inadequate membrane selectivity hinders process efficacy. We conclude with a brief discussion of how the need for enhanced selectivity ...
521 citations
References
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Abstract: Section 1: Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols Section 2: Physical and Chemical Data Section 3: Mathematics Section 4: Thermodynamics Section 5: Heat and Mass Transfer Section 6: Fluid and Plastic Dynamics Section 7: Reaction Kinetics Section 8: Process Control Section 9: Process Economics Section 10: Transport and Storage of Fluids Section 11: Heat-Transfer Equipment Section 12: Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying Section 13: Distillation Section 14: Equipment for Distillation, Gas Absorption, Phase Dispersion, and Phase Separation Section 15: Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Other Liquid-Liquid Operations and Equipment Section 16: Adsorption and Ion Exchange Section 17: Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment Section 18: Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Section 19: Reactors Section 20: Alternative Separation Processes Section 21: Solid-Solid Operations and Processing Section 22: Waste Management Section 23: Process Safety Section 24: Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization Section 25: Materials of Construction Index
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TL;DR: Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook as mentioned in this paper is a free download pdf for chemical engineering applications, from the fundamentals to details on computer applications and control, and it can be found in any computer science course.
Abstract: Perry chemical engineers handbook free download pdf. Customers at an SAP AG event in Boston today expressed strong commitment to the vendors platform. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook. All aspects of chemical engineering, from the fundamentals to details on computer applications and control. Definitive. Garner, G. O., “Careers in Engineering,” 2nd ed., VGM Career Books, in "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook," 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York (1984).
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TL;DR: In this paper, the state-of-the-art of the physical principles and applications of forward osmosis as well as their strengths and limitations are presented, along with a review of the current state of the art.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the recent developments in forward osmosis (FO) focusing on the opportunities and challenges is presented, as well as a clear outline for FO-concerned researchers.
1,175 citations