Planar and printed antennas for Internet of Things-enabled environment: Opportunities and challenges
01 Oct 2021-International Journal of Communication Systems (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd)-Vol. 34, Iss: 15
About: This article is published in International Journal of Communication Systems.The article was published on 2021-10-01. It has received 7 citations till now.
Citations
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29 Apr 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , a highly miniaturized antenna for IoT applications using LoRa technology is discussed in which the antenna is double leaf shaped with DGS and is printed on FR4 substrate of size.
Abstract: A highly miniaturized antenna for IoT applications using LoRa technology is discussed in this paper. The antenna is double leaf shaped with DGS and is printed on FR4 substrate of size $22\times 34\times 0.5\text{mm}^{3}$ . The antenna has been designed and optimized to resonate at 433MHz and to include the LoRa frequency bands of 868MHz and 915MHz also. The simulated and experimental results of the antenna is in good agreement with a low VSWR in the operating range along with a radiation efficiency of 97% and a maximum gain of 2. 56dB. The size and performance of the proposed antenna are the main stand outs when compared with the similar antennas working in the same operating frequencies.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a PVA-Fe3O4@Ag magnetoactive layer was incorporated into the antenna's structure to optimize the reflection coefficient and maximum range of a screen-printed paper-based antenna.
Abstract: One of the essential issues in modern advanced materials science is to design and manufacture flexible devices, in particular in the framework of the Internet of Things (IoT), to improve integration into applications. An antenna is an essential component of wireless communication modules and, in addition to flexibility, compact dimensions, printability, low cost, and environmentally friendlier production strategies, also represent relevant functional challenges. Concerning the antenna’s performance, the optimization of the reflection coefficient and maximum range remain the key goals. In this context, this work reports on screen-printed paper@Ag-based antennas and optimizes their functional properties, with improvements in the reflection coefficient (S11) from −8 to −56 dB and maximum transmission range from 208 to 256 m, with the introduction of a PVA-Fe3O4@Ag magnetoactive layer into the antenna’s structure. The incorporated magnetic nanostructures allow the optimization of the functional features of antennas with possible applications ranging from broadband arrays to portable wireless devices. In parallel, the use of printing technologies and sustainable materials represents a step toward more sustainable electronics.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a modified 12 mm x 16 mm x 1.6 mm micro strip patch antenna has been proposed for IoT applications at 2.4 Giga Hertz (GHz) in the Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band.
Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) primarily based application requires integration with the wireless communication technology to make the application data with ease available. In this paper, a modified 12 mm x 16 mm x 1.6 mm micro strip patch antenna has been proposed for IoT applications at 2.4 Giga Hertz (GHz) in the Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. This wideband antenna is designed using Flame Retardant4 (FR4) material as the substrate. The multiband operating characteristics have been achieved by radiating strips to the 50 feed line. Proposed wideband antenna covers frequencies ranging from 1.8 GHz to 3 GHz and 5.3 GHz to 6.9 GHz for -10 dB return loss. The results are analyzed and discuss in term of return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), efficiency and gain. The proposed design has a maximum losses of -31.59 dB at 2.4 GHz and -16.94 dB at 6 GHz. The developed antenna can be useful for several wireless communication applications, such as 2.4 GHz Bluetooth, Wireless Local-Area Network (WLAN) (2.4/5.8 GHz), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) (5.5 GHz), ISM band and IoT applications.
TL;DR: In this article , a reflectarray (RA) antenna using overlapping tri-resonance phase distribution was proposed to produce enhanced bandwidth performance in the X/Ku band frequencies, where unit cells with concentric Malta cross and square ring developed on Diclad substrate isolated from the ground through a 2.5mm air layer.
Abstract: This paper reports the development of a reflectarray (RA) antenna using overlapping tri-resonance phase distribution to produce enhanced bandwidth performance in X/Ku band frequencies. The RA with square aperture (24 cm) operating from 11 to 15.8 GHz is constructed using unit cells with concentric Malta cross and square ring developed on Diclad substrate isolated from the ground through a 2.5-mm air layer. Variation in the concentric element's size along with the length of the delay line connected to the square ring offers a 518° phase range. The distribution of the 529 RA elements is done using the phase variations observed at 12, 13, and 14 GHz. The optimized design of the proposed antenna offers a simulated peak gain of 27.43 dBi at 12 GHz and a 1-dB gain bandwidth of 38%. The experimental validation of the fabricated prototype exhibits a peak gain of 27.4 dBi at 12 GHz with a sidelobe level (SLL), and cross-polarization level less than −15.6 dB, and −28 dB respectively, and a 1-dB gain bandwidth of 37%. The enhanced performance characteristics of the proposed X/Ku wideband reflectarray antenna befit the uplink and downlink operations of fixed satellite services (FSS).
TL;DR: In this paper , a dual-port, triband MIMO antenna is designed and tested for three sub-6 GHz WLAN bands for IoT applications, which is suitable for the emerging IoT applications communicating using the 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz frequencies.
Abstract: A compact, dual-port, triband MIMO antenna is designed and tested for three sub-6 GHz WLAN bands for IoT applications. The size and performance of the antenna make it versatile for the emerging IoT applications communicating using the 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz WLAN frequencies. The single radiating element of antenna geometry includes a pair of modified and optimized rectangular patches. A complimentary split ring resonator (CSRR) structure is incorporated in the ground plane as a defect (defected ground structure) to attain the third operational band. The orientation of the elements, orthogonally arranged, along with DGS, enhances the isolation between the radiating elements keeping it below 18 dB throughout the three operating frequency bands. The size of the final antenna is as small as
0.32
λ
0
×
0.32
λ
0
mm2 build on commercially available and cheap FR4 substrate of thickness 1.5748 mm. A peak gain of 7.17 dBi is attained for the proposed MIMO system. This MIMO antenna also satisfies the diversity parameter requirements including
DG
>
9.8
,
ECC
<
0.5
,
TARC
<
−
10
dB, and
CCL
<
0.5
bits/s/Hz. This makes the proposed antenna a good candidate for IoT applications employing WLAN frequencies.
References
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TL;DR: The authors introduce a hierarchy of architectures with increasing levels of real-world awareness and interactivity for smart objects, describing activity-, policy-, and process-aware smart objects and demonstrating how the respective architectural abstractions support increasingly complex application.
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1,459 citations
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1,004 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey on NB-IoT and LoRa as efficient solutions connecting the devices is provided and it is shown that unlicensed LoRa has advantages in terms of battery lifetime, capacity, and cost.
Abstract: By 2020, more than twenty five billion devices would be connected through wireless communications. In accordance with the rapid growth of the internet of things (IoT) market, low power wide area (LPWA) technologies have become popular. In various LPWA technologies, narrowband (NB)-IoT and long range (LoRa) are two leading technologies. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on NB-IoT and LoRa as efficient solutions connecting the devices. It is shown that unlicensed LoRa has advantages in terms of battery lifetime, capacity, and cost. Meanwhile, licensed NB-IoT offers benefits in terms of QoS, latency, reliability, and range.
761 citations
17 Nov 2014
TL;DR: This paper begins with general information security background of IoT and continues on with information security related challenges that IoT will encountered and points out research directions that could be the future work for the solutions to the security challenges that Internet of Things encounters.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) opens opportunities for wearable devices, home appliances, and software to share and communicate information on the Internet. Given that the shared data contains a large amount of private information, preserving information security on the shared data is an important issue that cannot be neglected. In this paper, we begin with general information security background of IoT and continue on with information security related challenges that IoT will encountered. Finally, we will also point out research directions that could be the future work for the solutions to the security challenges that IoT encounters.
567 citations