Plant-Derived Leading Compounds for Chemotherapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection
TL;DR: Many compounds of plant origin that inhibit different stages in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been identified and only a very few of these plant-derived anti-HIV products have been used in a limited number of patients suffering from AIDS.
Abstract: Many compounds of plant origin have been identified that inhibit different stages in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): 1) virus adsorption: chromone alkaloids (schumannificine), isoquinoline alkaloids (michellamines), sulphated polysaccharides and polyphenolics, flavonoids, coumarins (glycocoumarin, licopyranocoumarin) phenolics (caffeic acid derivatives, galloyl acid derivatives, catechinic acid derivatives), tannins and triterpenes (glycyrrhizin and analogues, soyasaponin and analogues); 2) virus-cell fusion: lectins (mannose- and N-acetylglucosamine-specific) and triterpenes (betulinic acid and analogues); 3) reverse transcription: alkaloids (benzophenanthridines, protoberberines, isoquinolines, quinolines), coumarins (calanolides and analogues), flavonoids, phloroglucinols, lactones (protolichesterinic acid), tannins, iridoids (fulvoplumierin) and triterpenes; 4) integration: coumarins (3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarins), depsidones, O-caffeoyl derivatives, lignans (arctigenin and analogues) and phenolics (curcumin); 5) translation: single chain ribosome inactivating proteins (SCRIP's); 6) proteolytic cleavage (protease inhibition): saponins (ursolic and maslinic acids), xanthones (mangostin and analogues) and coumarins; 7) glycosylation: alkaloids including indolizidines (castanospermine and analogues), piperidines (1-deoxynojirimicin and analogues) and pyrrolizidines (australine and analogues); 8) assembly/release: naphthodianthrones (hypericin and pseudohypericin), photosensitisers (terthiophenes and furoisocoumarins) and phospholipids. The target of action of several anti-HIV substances including alkaloids (O-demethyl-buchenavianine, papaverine), polysaccharides (acemannan), lignans (intheriotherins, schisantherin), phenolics (gossypol, lignins, catechol dimers such as peltatols, naphthoquinones such as conocurvone) and saponins (celasdin B, Gleditsia and Gymnocladus saponins), has not been elucidated or does not fit in the proposed scheme. Only a very few of these plant-derived anti-HIV products have been used in a limited number of patients suffering from AIDS viz. glycyrrhizin, papaverine, trichosanthin, castanospermine, N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimicin and acemannan.
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TL;DR: The aim of this review, a summary of the putative biological actions of flavonoids, was to obtain a further understanding of the reported beneficial health effects of these substances.
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TL;DR: Curcumin has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities and thus has a potential against various malignant diseases, diabetes, allergies, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and other chronic illnesses.
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698 citations
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The importance of the plant kingdom as a source of potent antiviral lead substances will be illustrated by presenting a survey on plant-derived anti-herpes virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents.
Abstract:
Among the numerous compounds that have been reported to exhibit potent antiviral activity in cell cultures and/or in experimental animals are several natural products isolated from higher plants. Some of these plant compounds exhibit an unique antiviral mechanism and are good candidates for further clinical research.
In this review, an approach to the isolation of potential antiviral plant agents and lead compounds is outlined. A discussion of plant selection, followed by a description of antiviral testing, both in vitro and in vivo, is also given. The importance of the plant kingdom as a source of potent antiviral lead substances will be illustrated by presenting a survey on plant-derived anti-herpes virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents.
40 citations