Plant oils: The perfect renewable resource for polymer science?!
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an overview of the present situation with special attention to the use of olefin metathesis and thiol-ene chemistry as synthetic methods and as polymerization techniques.
About: This article is published in European Polymer Journal.The article was published on 2011-05-01 and is currently open access. It has received 551 citations till now.
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TL;DR: Oils, and Polysaccharides Alessandro Gandini,*,‡ Talita M. Lacerda,†,‡ Antonio J. F. Carvalho,† and Eliane Trovatti†.
Abstract: Oils, and Polysaccharides Alessandro Gandini,*,†,‡ Talita M. Lacerda,†,‡ Antonio J. F. Carvalho,‡ and Eliane Trovatti†,‡ †Saõ Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of Saõ Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Saõ-carlense 400, CEP 13566-590, Saõ Carlos, Saõ Paulo, Brazil ‡Department of Materials Engineering, Saõ Carlos School of Engineering, University of Saõ Paulo, Avenida Joaõ Dagnone 1100, CEP 13563-120, Saõ Carlos, Saõ Paulo, Brazil
572 citations
TL;DR: This review covers recent progress in the field of renewable bio-based monomers and polymers from natural resources: terpenes, terpenoids, and rosin, which are a class of hydrocarbon-rich biomass with abundance and low cost, holding much potential for utilization as organic feedstocks for green plastics and composites.
Abstract: The development of sustainable renewable polymers from natural resources has increasingly gained attention from scientists, engineers as well as the general public and government agencies. This review covers recent progress in the field of renewable bio-based monomers and polymers from natural resources: terpenes, terpenoids, and rosin, which are a class of hydrocarbon-rich biomass with abundance and low cost, holding much potential for utilization as organic feedstocks for green plastics and composites. This review details polymerization and copolymerization of terpenes such as pinene, limonene, and myrcene and their derivatives, terpenoids including carvone and menthol, and rosin-derived monomers. The future direction on the utilization of these natural resources is discussed.
521 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a panoramic overview of the recent progress, but mainly of the broad possibilities that are still available in the hands of researchers working on this topic.
469 citations
TL;DR: A review of recent advances in polymeric materials from vegetable oils in terms of preparation, characterization, and properties can be found in this article, where nano-composites and fiber reinforced composites based on bio-polymers matrices are reviewed.
449 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the reinforcement potential of natural fibers and their properties have been described in numerous papers and the chemical composition and properties of each of the fibers changes, which demands the detailed comparison of these fibers.
Abstract: Natural fibers today are a popular choice for applications in composite manufacturing. Based on the sustainability benefits, biofibers such as plant fibers are replacing synthetic fibers in composites. These fibers are used to manufacture several biocomposites. The chemical composition and properties of each of the fibers changes, which demands the detailed comparison of these fibers. The reinforcement potential of natural fibers and their properties have been described in numerous papers. Today, high performance biocomposites are produced from several years of research. Plant fibers, particularly bast and leaf, find applications in automotive industries. While most of the other fibers are explored in lab scales they have not yet found large-scale commercial applications. It is necessary to also consider other fibers such as ones made from seed (coir) and animals (chicken feather) as they are secondary or made from waste products. Few plant fibers such as bast fibers are often reviewed briefly but other p...
447 citations
References
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TL;DR: The radical-mediated thiol-ene reaction has all the desirable features of a click reaction, being highly efficient, simple to execute with no side products and proceeding rapidly to high yield.
Abstract: Following Sharpless' visionary characterization of several idealized reactions as click reactions, the materials science and synthetic chemistry communities have pursued numerous routes toward the identification and implementation of these click reactions. Herein, we review the radical-mediated thiol-ene reaction as one such click reaction. This reaction has all the desirable features of a click reaction, being highly efficient, simple to execute with no side products and proceeding rapidly to high yield. Further, the thiol-ene reaction is most frequently photoinitiated, particularly for photopolymerizations resulting in highly uniform polymer networks, promoting unique capabilities related to spatial and temporal control of the click reaction. The reaction mechanism and its implementation in various synthetic methodologies, biofunctionalization, surface and polymer modification, and polymerization are all reviewed.
3,229 citations
TL;DR: An overview of recent developments of the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant polymers is presented in this article, along with their thermal stabilities and flame-retardant properties.
1,379 citations
"Plant oils: The perfect renewable r..." refers background in this paper
...12 wt% resulted in an increase of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) [25] value from 19....
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...The subsequent radical polymerization with varying amounts of PETA provided a family of thermosets with improved fire resistance (increase of LOI from 19 to 22)....
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...These materials were shown to be stable up to 340 C and gave, in good correlation with the phosphorus content, char yields (at 800 C) up to 11.2%, and an increase of the LOI value from 18.4 to 25.7 despite their high fatty acid content....
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...For this reason, fire retardants such as phosphorus or silicon are usually introduced into polymers to reduce the risk of fire initiation and/or spreading [25]....
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...Second, the polymerization temperature dictated the homogeneity of the molecular weight distributions and the catalyst activity, and third, an increase in the phosphorus content from 0.00 to only 3.12 wt% resulted in an increase of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) [25] value from 19.0 to 23.5. r ADMET polymerizations [23,26,27,29–33]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review highlights examples of recent applications of both the radical-mediated and base/nucleophile-initiated thiol-ene reactions in polymer and materials synthesis.
1,320 citations
"Plant oils: The perfect renewable r..." refers methods in this paper
...With respect to polymer chemistry, this transformation has been used as polymerization technique and for efficient post-polymerization modifications [37,38]....
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TL;DR: The synthesis of monomers as well as polymers from plant fats and oils has already found some industrial application and recent developments in this field offer promising new opportunities, as is shown within this contribution.
Abstract: The utilization of plant oil renewable resources as raw materials for monomers and polymers is discussed and reviewed. In an age of increasing oil prices, global warming and other environmental problems (e.g. waste) the change from fossil feedstock to renewable resources can considerably contribute to a sustainable development in the future. Especially plant derived fats and oils bear a large potential for the substitution of currently used petrochemicals, since monomers, fine chemicals and polymers can be derived from these resources in a straightforward fashion. The synthesis of monomers as well as polymers from plant fats and oils has already found some industrial application and recent developments in this field offer promising new opportunities, as is shown within this contribution. (138 references.)
1,299 citations
TL;DR: This Minireview discusses the success and applicability of new, in particular metal-free, click reactions, which expand the opportunities for synthesizing small organic compounds as well as tailor-made macromolecules and bioconjugates.
Abstract: No copper needed: In recent years, a large number of metal-free click reactions have been reported based on thiol-ene radical additions, Diels–Alder reactions, and Michael additions. In this Minireview, special attention is given to the advantages and limitations of the different methods to evaluate whether they have the potential to surpass the overwhelming success of the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition.
The overwhelming success of click chemistry encouraged researchers to develop alternative “spring-loaded” chemical reactions for use in different fields of chemistry. Initially, the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition was the only click reaction. In recent years, metal-free [3+2] cycloaddition reactions, Diels–Alder reactions, and thiol-alkene radical addition reactions have come to the fore as click reactions because of their simple synthetic procedures and high yields. Furthermore, these metal-free reactions have wide applicability and are physiologically compatible. These and other alternative click reactions expand the opportunities for synthesizing small organic compounds as well as tailor-made macromolecules and bioconjugates. This Minireview discusses the success and applicability of new, in particular metal-free, click reactions.
790 citations