Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease

doi:10.4161/OXIM.2.5.9498

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Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease

Journal Article•DOI•

Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease

Kanti Bhooshan Pandey¹, Syed Ibrahim Rizvi•Institutions (1)

Allahabad University¹

01 Nov 2009-Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (Hindawi)-Vol. 2, Iss: 5, pp 270-278

TL;DR: It is suggested that long term consumption of diets rich in plant polyphenols offer protection against development of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases.

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Abstract: Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants and are generally involved in defense against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens. In the last decade, there has been much interest in the potential health benefits of dietary plant polyphenols as antioxidant. Epidemiological studies and associated meta-analyses strongly suggest that long term consumption of diets rich in plant polyphenols offer protection against development of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present knowledge about the biological effects of plant polyphenols in the context of relevance to human health.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases.

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Ilaria Liguori¹, Gennaro Russo¹, Francesco Curcio¹, Giulia Bulli¹, Luisa Aran¹, David Della-Morte², Gaetano Gargiulo, Gianluca Testa³, Gianluca Testa¹, Francesco Cacciatore¹, Domenico Bonaduce¹, Pasquale Abete¹ - Show less +8 more•Institutions (3)

University of Naples Federico II¹, University of Rome Tor Vergata², University of Molise³

26 Apr 2018-Clinical Interventions in Aging

TL;DR: Given the important role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many clinical conditions and aging, antioxidant therapy could positively affect the natural history of several diseases, but further investigation is needed to evaluate the real efficacy of these therapeutic interventions.

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Abstract: Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are produced by several endogenous and exogenous processes, and their negative effects are neutralized by antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress occurs from the imbalance between RONS production and these antioxidant defenses. Aging is a process characterized by the progressive loss of tissue and organ function. The oxidative stress theory of aging is based on the hypothesis that age-associated functional losses are due to the accumulation of RONS-induced damages. At the same time, oxidative stress is involved in several age-related conditions (ie, cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer), including sarcopenia and frailty. Different types of oxidative stress biomarkers have been identified and may provide important information about the efficacy of the treatment, guiding the selection of the most effective drugs/dose regimens for patients and, if particularly relevant from a pathophysiological point of view, acting on a specific therapeutic target. Given the important role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many clinical conditions and aging, antioxidant therapy could positively affect the natural history of several diseases, but further investigation is needed to evaluate the real efficacy of these therapeutic interventions. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of literature on this complex topic of ever increasing interest.

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2,101 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: What Polyphenols Can Do for Us?

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Tarique Hussain¹, Bie Tan¹, Yulong Yin¹, Francois Blachier², Myrlene Carine B. Tossou¹, Najma Rahu³ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

Chinese Academy of Sciences¹, ParisTech², Sindh Agriculture University³

22 Sep 2016-Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

TL;DR: This review aims at exploring the properties of polyphenols in anti-inflammation and oxidation and the mechanisms ofpolyphenols inhibiting molecular signaling pathways which are activated by oxidative stress, as well as the possible roles of poly phenols in inflammation-mediated chronic disorders.

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Abstract: Oxidative stress is viewed as an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their elimination by protective mechanisms, which can lead to chronic inflammation. Oxidative stress can activate a variety of transcription factors, which lead to the differential expression of some genes involved in inflammatory pathways. The inflammation triggered by oxidative stress is the cause of many chronic diseases. Polyphenols have been proposed to be useful as adjuvant therapy for their potential anti-inflammatory effect, associated with antioxidant activity, and inhibition of enzymes involved in the production of eicosanoids. This review aims at exploring the properties of polyphenols in anti-inflammation and oxidation and the mechanisms of polyphenols inhibiting molecular signaling pathways which are activated by oxidative stress, as well as the possible roles of polyphenols in inflammation-mediated chronic disorders. Such data can be helpful for the development of future antioxidant therapeutics and new anti-inflammatory drugs.

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1,140 citations

Cites background from "Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antiox..."

...Polyphenols are the secondary metabolites of plants involved in defensive system by including protection from ultraviolet radiation and pathogens [37]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Exogenous antioxidants--Double-edged swords in cellular redox state: Health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high doses.

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Jaouad Bouayed, Torsten Bohn

01 Jul 2010-Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

TL;DR: The double-edged effects of dietary originating antioxidants with a focus on the most abundant compounds, especially polyphenols, vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids are examined, highlighting that antioxidants at physiological doses are generally safe, exhibiting interesting health beneficial effects.

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Abstract: The balance between oxidation and antioxidation is believed to be critical in maintaining healthy biological systems. Under physiological conditions, the human antioxidative defense system including e.g., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH) and others, allows the elimination of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) including, among others superoxide anions (O2(·-)), hydroxyl radicals (OH·), alkoxyl radicals (RO·) and peroxyradicals (ROO·). However, our endogenous antioxidant defense systems are incomplete without exogenous originating reducing compounds such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and polyphenols, playing an essential role in many antioxidant mechanisms in living organisms. Therefore, there is continuous demand for exogenous antioxidants in order to prevent oxidative stress, representing a disequilibrium redox state in favor of oxidation. However, high doses of isolated compounds may be toxic, owing to prooxidative effects at high concentrations or their potential to react with beneficial concentrations of ROS normally present at physiological conditions that are required for optimal cellular functioning. This review aims to examine the double-edged effects of dietary originating antioxidants with a focus on the most abundant compounds, especially polyphenols, vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids. Different approaches to enrich our body with exogenous antioxidants such as via synthetic antioxidants, diets rich in fruits and vegetables and taking supplements will be reviewed and experimental and epidemiological evidences discussed, highlighting that antioxidants at physiological doses are generally safe, exhibiting interesting health beneficial effects.

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873 citations

Cites background from "Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antiox..."

...In this respect, it has been suggested that phenolics are among the most active substances from natural sources, displaying a variety of health-promoting properties such as cytoprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-aging, antiinflammatory, antiallergenic, antimutagenic, vasodilatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant and cognitive enhancing effects.(9,35) Polyphenols including phenolic acids and flavonoids are the most abundant class of antioxidant phytochemicals, existing in fruits and vegetables in concentrations around up to several 100 mg/100 g,(131) and thereby constituting the major class of antioxidants derived from the diet, with estimated intakes in westernized countries around 0....
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...With respect to humans, many of the health beneficial functions of dietary ingredients, including antimutagenicity, anticarcinogenity and anti-aging, among others, have been discussed in relation to their antioxidant properties.(27,35,66) Epidemiological investigations have played a key role in investigating the preventive action of diets rich in naturally occurring Table 2....
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...Exogenous antioxidants play a key role in this delicate equilibrium between oxidation and antioxidation in living systems.(7,9,34,35) Our antioxidant defense system includes endogenous (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH), among others and exogenous antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and polyphenols, with the diet being the main source (Table 1)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Colorectal Carcinoma: A General Overview and Future Perspectives in Colorectal Cancer

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Inés Mármol¹, Cristina Sánchez-de-Diego¹, Alberto Pradilla Dieste¹, Elena Cerrada¹, María Jesús Rodriguez Yoldi¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

University of Zaragoza¹

19 Jan 2017-International Journal of Molecular Sciences

TL;DR: The choice of first-line treatment in CRC follows a multimodal approach based on tumour-related characteristics and usually comprises surgical resection followed by chemotherapy combined with monoclonal antibodies or proteins against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth receptor (EGFR).

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Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death. Most cases of CRC are detected in Western countries, with its incidence increasing year by year. The probability of suffering from colorectal cancer is about 4%–5% and the risk for developing CRC is associated with personal features or habits such as age, chronic disease history and lifestyle. In this context, the gut microbiota has a relevant role, and dysbiosis situations can induce colonic carcinogenesis through a chronic inflammation mechanism. Some of the bacteria responsible for this multiphase process include Fusobacterium spp, Bacteroides fragilis and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. CRC is caused by mutations that target oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and genes related to DNA repair mechanisms. Depending on the origin of the mutation, colorectal carcinomas can be classified as sporadic (70%); inherited (5%) and familial (25%). The pathogenic mechanisms leading to this situation can be included in three types, namely chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability (MSI) and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Within these types of CRC, common mutations, chromosomal changes and translocations have been reported to affect important pathways (WNT, MAPK/PI3K, TGF-β, TP53), and mutations; in particular, genes such as c-MYC, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, PTEN, SMAD2 and SMAD4 can be used as predictive markers for patient outcome. In addition to gene mutations, alterations in ncRNAs, such as lncRNA or miRNA, can also contribute to different steps of the carcinogenesis process and have a predictive value when used as biomarkers. In consequence, different panels of genes and mRNA are being developed to improve prognosis and treatment selection. The choice of first-line treatment in CRC follows a multimodal approach based on tumour-related characteristics and usually comprises surgical resection followed by chemotherapy combined with monoclonal antibodies or proteins against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth receptor (EGFR). Besides traditional chemotherapy, alternative therapies (such as agarose tumour macrobeads, anti-inflammatory drugs, probiotics, and gold-based drugs) are currently being studied to increase treatment effectiveness and reduce side effects.

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762 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The Role of Polyphenols in Human Health and Food Systems: A Mini-Review.

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Hannah Cory¹, Simone Passarelli¹, John Szeto¹, Martha Tamez¹, Josiemer Mattei¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Harvard University¹

21 Sep 2018-Frontiers in Nutrition

TL;DR: The need for increased regulation and guidelines for polyphenol consumption and supplementation is asserted in order to ensure consumers remain safe and informed about polyphenols.

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Abstract: This narrative mini- review summarizes current knowledge of the role of polyphenols in health outcomes-and non-communicable diseases specifically-and discusses the implications of this evidence for public health, and for future directions for public health practice, policy, and research The publications cited originate mainly from animal models and feeding experiments, as well as human cohort and case-control studies Hypothesized protective effects of polyphenols in acute and chronic diseases, including obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, are evaluated Potential harmful effects of some polyphenols are also considered, counterbalanced with the limited evidence of harm in the research literature Recent international governmental regulations are discussed, as the safety and health claims of only a few specific polyphenolic compounds have been officially sanctioned The implications of food processing on the bioavailability of polyphenols are also assessed, in addition to the health claims and marketing of polyphenols as a functional food Finally, this mini-review asserts the need for increased regulation and guidelines for polyphenol consumption and supplementation in order to ensure consumers remain safe and informed about polyphenols

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732 citations

Cites background from "Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antiox..."

...The quercetin content of tomatoes and onions can be reduced by up to 80% from boiling, 65% from microwaving, and 30% from frying (24)....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability

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Claudine Manach¹, Augustin Scalbert¹, Christine Morand¹, Christian Rémésy¹, Liliana Jiménez¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Institut national de la recherche agronomique¹

01 May 2004-The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

TL;DR: The nature and contents of the various polyphenols present in food sources and the influence of agricultural practices and industrial processes are reviewed, and bioavailability appears to differ greatly between the variousPolyphenols, and the most abundantpolyphenols in the authors' diet are not necessarily those that have the best bioavailability profile.

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6,842 citations

"Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antiox..." refers background in this paper

...However the effect of glucosylation on absorption is less clear for isoflavones than for quercetin.(12) Proanthocyanidins differ from most of other plant polyphenols because of their polymeric nature and high molecular weight....
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...Studies have proved that polyphenolic content of the foods change on storage, the reason is easy oxidation of these polyphenols.(12) Oxidation reactions result in the formation of more or less polymerized substances, which lead to changes in the quality of foods, particularly in color and organoleptic characteristics....
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...Experimental studies carried out in rats(23) showed that the absorption at gastric level is possible for some flavonoids, such as quercetin, but not for their polyphenols.(12) In general, it has been observed that phenolic acid content decreases during ripening, whereas anthocyanin concentrations increase....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease

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Serge Renaud¹, M de Lorgeril¹•Institutions (1)

French Institute of Health and Medical Research¹

20 Jun 1992-The Lancet

TL;DR: Data from Caerphilly, Wales, show that platelet aggregation, which is related to CHD, is inhibited significantly by alcohol at levels of intake associated with reduced risk of CHD.

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3,489 citations

"Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antiox..." refers background in this paper

...[39] [40] [41] Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that develops in lesion-prone regions of medium-sized arteries....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases

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Augustin Scalbert¹, Claudine Manach¹, Christine Morand¹, Christian Rémésy¹, Liliana Jiménez - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Institut national de la recherche agronomique¹

01 Jan 2005-Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

TL;DR: Experimental studies on animals or cultured human cell lines support a role of polyphenols in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, or osteoporosis, but no clear associations have been found between cancer risk and polyphenol consumption.

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Abstract: Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet and are widespread constituents of fruits, vegetables, cereals, dry legumes, chocolate, and beverages, such as tea, coffee, or wine. Experimental studies on animals or cultured human cell lines support a role of polyphenols in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, or osteoporosis. However, it is very difficult to predict from these results the effects of polyphenol intake on disease prevention in humans. One of the reasons is that these studies have often been conducted at doses or concentrations far beyond those documented in humans. The few clinical studies on biomarkers of oxidative stress, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and tumor or bone resorption biomarkers have often led to contradictory results. Epidemiological studies have repeatedly shown an inverse association between the risk of myocardial infarction and the consumption of tea and wine or the intake level of some particular flavonoids, but no clear associations have been found between cancer risk and polyphenol consumption. More human studies are needed to provide clear evidence of their health protective effects and to better evaluate the risks possibly resulting from too high a polyphenol consumption.

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2,684 citations

"Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antiox..." refers background in this paper

...This induction of phase II enzymes may have its origin in the toxicity of polyphenols.(1) Polyphenols can form potentially toxic quinones in the body that are, themselves, substrates of these enzymes....
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...Epidemiological studies have repeatedly shown an inverse association between the risk of chronic human diseases and the consumption of polyphenolic rich diet.(1,5) The phenolic groups in polyphenols can accept an electron to form relatively stable phenoxyl radicals, thereby disrupting chain oxidation reactions in cellular components....
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...This increase in the antioxidative capacity of plasma following the consumption of polyphenol-rich food may be explained either by the presence of reducing polyphenols and their metabolites in plasma, by their effects upon concentrations of other reducing agents (sparing effects of polyphenols on other endogenous antioxidants), or by their effect on the absorption of pro-oxidative food components, such as iron.(1) Consumption of antioxidants has been associated with reduced levels of oxidative damage to lymphocytic DNA....
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...Cereals, dry legumes and chocolate also contribute to the polyphenolic intake.(1,2) Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants and are generally involved in defense against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Prognostic Impact of Coronary Vasodilator Dysfunction on Adverse Long-Term Outcome of Coronary Heart Disease

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Volker Schächinger¹, Martina B. Britten¹, Andreas M. Zeiher¹•Institutions (1)

Goethe University Frankfurt¹

25 Apr 2000-Circulation

TL;DR: Coronary endothelial vasodilator dysfunction predicts long-term atherosclerotic disease progression and cardiovascular event rates and can provide pivotal information as both a diagnostic and prognostic tool in patients at risk for coronary heart disease.

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Abstract: Background—Endothelial vasodilator dysfunction is a characteristic feature of patients at risk for coronary atherosclerosis. Therefore, we prospectively investigated whether coronary endothelial dysfunction predicts disease progression and cardiovascular event rates. Methods and Results—Coronary vasoreactivity was assessed in 147 patients using the endothelium-dependent dilator acetylcholine, sympathetic activation by cold pressor testing, dilator responses to increased blood flow, and dilation in response to nitroglycerin. Cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary bypass grafting, ischemic stroke, or peripheral artery revascularization) served as outcome variables over a median follow-up period of 7.7 years. Patients suffering from cardiovascular events during follow-up (n=16) had significantly increased vasoconstrictor responses to acetylcholine infusion (P=0.009) and cold pressor testing (P=0.002), as we...

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2,623 citations

"Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antiox..." refers background in this paper

...Polyphenols can improve endothelial dysfunction associated with different risk factors for atherosclerosis before the formation of plaque; its use as a prognostic tool for coronary heart diseases has also been proposed.(47) It has been observed that consumption of black tea about 450 ml increases artery dilation 2 hours after intake and consumption of 240 mL red wine for 30 days countered the endothelial dysfunction induced by a high fat diet....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies

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Ilja C. W. Arts¹, Peter C. H. Hollman¹•Institutions (1)

Wageningen University and Research Centre¹

01 Jan 2005-The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

TL;DR: A review of available epidemiologic data on the health effects of polyphenols, focusing on the flavonoid subclasses of flavonols, flavones, and catechins and on lignans, is presented in this paper.

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1,790 citations

"Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Antiox..." refers background in this paper

...1, 5 The phenolic groups in polyphenols can accept an electron to form relatively stable phenoxyl radicals, thereby disrupting chain oxidation reactions in cellular components....
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...Towards the end of 20 th century, epidemiological studies and associated meta-analyses strongly suggested that long term consumption of diets rich in plant polyphenols offered some protection against development of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases 4, 5 (Fig....
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