Plant regeneration from alginate encapsulated somatic embryos of Asparagus cooperi baker.
TL;DR: Somatic embryos of Asparagus cooperi were encapsulated as single embryos approximately 4–6 mm in diameter to produce individual synthetic seeds to reduce the frequency of conversion of artificial seeds to plants.
Abstract: Somatic embryos of Asparagus cooperi were encapsulated as single embryos approximately 4–6 mm in diameter to produce individual synthetic seeds. The frequency of conversion of artificial seeds to plants was 34%. This frequency was affected by the concentration of calcium chloride, the commercial sources of sodium alginate, and the nutrient medium. The conversion frequency of artificial seeds to seedling plants was 8.3% after storage for 90 days at 2°C.
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TL;DR: Progress in-depth of various aspects of biotechnological works such as micropropagation and alternative approaches, cell and organ culture techniques, genetic transformation, DNA markers as well as organelle genome and gene cloned from tea and related genera which will be valuable information for the workers working onVarious aspects of Camellia biotechnology are dealt with.
Abstract: Tea is one of the most important non-alcoholic beverage drinks worldwide and gaining further popularity as an important ‘health drink’. It is served as morning drink for 2/3rd of world population daily. Although conventional breeding and propagation contributed significantly for last several decades for varietal improvement, due to the limitations of conventional breeding coupled with the demand for increasing productivity with lower cost of production, application of biotechnology becomes an alternative approach. Therefore, apart from a dozen of tea research institutes globally, several other groups are working on tea and related genera that have registered many valuable information with several achievements. The present review deals with progress in-depth of various aspects of biotechnological works such as micropropagation and alternative approaches, cell and organ culture techniques, genetic transformation, DNA markers as well as organelle genome and gene cloned from tea and related genera which will be valuable information for the workers working on various aspects of Camellia biotechnology.
210 citations
TL;DR: Cryopreservation of encapsulated germplasm has now been increasingly used as an ex vitro conservation tool with the possible minimization of adverse effects of cryoprotectants and post-preservation damages.
138 citations
TL;DR: A reproducible system for efficient direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf and internodal explants of Paulownia elongata was developed and the survival and germination rates of encapsulated embryos increased following storage at 4°C, which could be useful for the rapid clonal propagation and dissemination of synthetic seed material.
Abstract: We have developed a reproducible system for efficient direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf and internodal explants of Paulownia elongata. The somatic embryos obtained were subsequently encapsulated as single embryos to produce synthetic seeds. Several plant growth regulators [6-benzylaminopurine, indole-3-acetic acid, α-naphthaleneacetic acid, kinetin and thidiazuron (TDZ)] alone or in combination were tested for their capacity to induce somatic embryogenesis. The highest induction frequencies of somatic embryos were obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.6% Phytagel, 500 mg l-1 casein hydrolysate and 10 mg l-1 TDZ (medium MS10). Somatic embryos were induced from leaf (69.8%) and internode (58.5%) explants on MS10 medium after 7 days. Subsequent withdrawal of TDZ from the induction medium resulted in the maturation and growth of the embryos into plantlets on MS basal media. The maturation frequency of somatic embryos from leaf and internodal explants was 50.8% and 45.8%, respectively. Subculturing of mature embryos led to their germination on the same medium with a germination frequency of 50.1% and 29.8% from leaf and internode explants, respectively. Somatic embryos obtained directly on leaf explants were used for encapsulation in liquid MS medium containing different concentrations of sodium alginate with a 30-min exposure to 50 mM CaCl2. A 3% sodium alginate concentration provided a uniform encapsulation of the embryos with survival and germination frequencies of 73.7% and 53.3%, respectively. Storage at 4°C for 30 days or 60 days significantly reduced the survival and complete germination frequencies of both encapsulated and non-encapsulated embryos relative to those of non-stored somatic embryos. However, the survival and germination rates of encapsulated embryos increased following storage at 4°C. After 30 days or 60 days of storage, the survival rates of encapsulated embryos were 67.8% and 53.5% and the germination frequencies were 43.2% and 32.4%, respectively. These systems could be useful for the rapid clonal propagation and dissemination of synthetic seed material of Paulownia elongata.
124 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Plant regeneration from alginate en..."
...Ghosh and Sen (1994) achieved a maximum conversion of 34% for Asparagus cooperi after individual somatic embryo beads encapsulated in 3.5% sodium alginate were held in 50 mM CaCl2 for 40 min....
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...1987), and the germination rates of encapsulated embryos of Asparagus cooperi (Ghosh and Sen 1994) and Eucalyptus citrisdora (Muralidharan and Mascarenhas 1995) were found to be reduced....
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...Nevertheless, consistent with these data, Ghosh and Sen (1994) found that encapsulated embryos of Asparagus withstood medium-term storage at low temperature better than non-encapsulated embryos....
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...Even at 4 C, the storage life of synthetic alfalfa seeds is quite short (Redenbaugh et al. 1987), and the germination rates of encapsulated embryos of Asparagus cooperi (Ghosh and Sen 1994) and Eucalyptus citrisdora (Muralidharan and Mascarenhas 1995) were found to be reduced....
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...Synthetic seeds have multiple advantages over organogenesis for propagation, including ease of handling and potential long-term storage, higher scale-up potential and low cost of production (Ghosh and Sen 1994)....
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TL;DR: The frequency of regeneration from encapsulated embryos was significantly affected by the concentration of sodium alginate, the presence or absence of nutrient salts in the capsule, and the duration of exposure to calcium chloride.
Abstract: Carica papaya L. (papaya) single somatic embryos (2.0 mm diameter) produced in a high-frequency liquid production system were encapsulated in two different synthetic encapsulation compounds. The frequency of regeneration from encapsulated embryos was significantly affected by (1) the concentration of sodium alginate, (2) the presence or absence of nutrient salts in the capsule, and (3) the duration of exposure to calcium chloride. A 2.5% sodium alginate concentration in a half-strength MS salts base resulted in significantly higher germination frequencies than other treatments. A relatively short (10 min) exposure to CaCl2 provided uniform encapsulation of embryos and the highest frequencies of successful germination (77.5%). Germinated artificial seeds produced normal plantlets.
106 citations
TL;DR: The present review illustrates the implementation of synthetic seed technology for mass propagation and short-term storage of several medicinal plants, popularly grown throughout the world, with special emphasis on the factors which determine the success of this technology.
Abstract: The present review illustrates the implementation of synthetic seed technology for mass propagation and short-term storage of several medicinal plants, popularly grown throughout the world. Biotechnology-based research with special reference to in vitro plant cell and tissue culture intervention created a new outlook in terms of mass propagation, germplasm storage and cryoconservation, production of secondary metabolites as well as genetic transformation. Synthetic seed technology involving alginate encapsulation of in vitro or in vivo generated explants proved to be a competent system to deal with multiplication, storage and exchange of seedless medicinal plants having traits of choice that are intricate to propagate via conventional approach. Nevertheless, optimization of production, storage and exchange of synthetic seeds are influenced by several factors. Manipulation of those factors such as explant selection, encapsulating agent and matrix determined the success of synthetic seed technology in medicinal plants. The present review elucidates an outline of past progress, present status and future prospects of synthetic seed technology intervention in medicinal plants with special emphasis on the factors which determine the success of this technology.
97 citations
References
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TL;DR: In vivo redox biosensing resolves the spatiotemporal dynamics of compartmental responses to local ROS generation and provide a basis for understanding how compartment-specific redox dynamics may operate in retrograde signaling and stress 67 acclimation in plants.
Abstract: In experiments with tobacco tissue cultured on White's modified medium (basal meditmi hi Tnhles 1 and 2) supplemenk'd with kiticthi and hidoleacctic acid, a slrikin^' fourlo (ive-told intTease iu yield was ohtaitu-d within a three to Tour week j^rowth period on addition of an aqtteotis exlrarl of tobacco leaves (Fi^'ures 1 and 2). Subse(iueutly it was found Ihiit this jnoniotiou oi' f^rowih was due mainly though nol entirely to inorj^auic rather than organic con.stitttenls in the extract. In the isolation of Rrowth factors from plant tissues and other sources inorj '̂anic salts are fre(|uently carried along with fhe organic fraclioits. When tissue cultures are used for bioassays, therefore, il is necessary lo lake into account increases in growth which may result from nutrient elements or other known constituents of the medium which may he present in the te.st materials. To minimize interference trom rontaminaitis of this type, an altempt has heen made to de\\eh)p a nieditmi with such adequate supplies of all re(iuired tnineral nutrients and cotntnott orgattic cottslitueitls that no apprecial»le change in growth rate or yield will result from the inlroduclion of additional amounts in the range ordinarily expected to be present in tnaterials to be assayed. As a point of referetice for this work some of the culture media in mc)st common current use will he cotisidered briefly. For ease of comparis4)n Iheir mineral compositions are listed in Tables 1 and 2. White's nutrient .solution, designed originally for excised root cultures, was based on Uspeuski and Uspetiskaia's medium for algae and Trelease and Trelease's micronutrieni solution. This medium also was employed successfully in the original cttltivation of callus from the tobacco Iiybrid Nicotiana gtauca x A', tanijadorffii, atitl as further modified by White in 194̂ ^ and by others it has been used for the
63,098 citations
TL;DR: The composition of a medium is described that proved useful to culture callus of a variety of monocotyledonous and dicotylingonous plants and facilitated work with single cells and the enzymatic removal of cell walls in related studies.
Abstract: The composition of a medium is described that proved useful to culture callus of a variety of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Growth on the medium was often better than on some other ex...
2,322 citations
723 citations
TL;DR: The production of seedling–quality plants from individual somatic seeds, as first reported here, has potential as a novel, universal delivery system.
Abstract: Somatic embryos (SE) of alfalfa, celery, and cauliflower were encapsulated as single–embryo beads approximately four millimeters in diameter to produce individual somatic (artificial) seeds. The SE were mixed in sodium alginate and dropped into a solution of calcium chloride to form calcium alginate beads via an ion exchange reaction. For our two best somatic embryogenesis systems, alfalfa and celery, in vitro germination frequencies with production of seedling–quality plants were routinely 30% and 65%, respectively. In addition, encapsulated alfalfa and celery SE developed into plants in sand trays or in transplant plugs at frequencies of 7% and 10%. The production of seedling–quality plants from individual somatic seeds, as first reported here, has potential as a novel, universal delivery system.
280 citations
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: Somatic embryogenesis appears to be the only clonal propagation system suitable for crops currently propagated by seeds, and for most crops in which the per–unit seed value is low, labor–intensive micropropagation systems are not feasible.
Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis has been observed for a wide array of species (Ammirato 1983). Despite advances made in the past 30 years with somatic embryogeny, there has been no commercial development. Although oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) can be propagated by somatic embryogenesis, the method being commercialized uses in vitro–rooted shoots, a high–cost propagation system (Corley 1982). Unfortunately, for most crops in which the per–unit seed value is low, labor–intensive micropropagation systems are not feasible. Somatic embryogenesis appears to be the only clonal propagation system suitable for crops currently propagated by seeds.
82 citations