Plant Stomata Function in Innate Immunity against Bacterial Invasion
TL;DR: Examination of stomatal guard cells of Arabidopsis provides evidence that supports a model in which stomata, as part of an integral innate immune system, act as a barrier against bacterial infection.
About: This article is published in Cell.The article was published on 2006-09-08 and is currently open access. It has received 1677 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Entry into host & Innate immune system.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: A detailed understanding of plant immune function will underpin crop improvement for food, fibre and biofuels production and provide extraordinary insights into molecular recognition, cell biology and evolution across biological kingdoms.
Abstract: Many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reproduction. Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune system. The first branch recognizes and responds to molecules common to many classes of microbes, including non-pathogens. The second responds to pathogen virulence factors, either directly or through their effects on host targets. These plant immune systems, and the pathogen molecules to which they respond, provide extraordinary insights into molecular recognition, cell biology and evolution across biological kingdoms. A detailed understanding of plant immune function will underpin crop improvement for food, fibre and biofuels production.
10,539 citations
TL;DR: Current evidence indicates that MAMPs, DAMPs, and effectors are all perceived as danger signals and induce a stereotypic defense response, and the importance of MAMP/PRR signaling for plant immunity is highlighted.
Abstract: Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are molecular signatures typical of whole classes of microbes, and their recognition plays a key role in innate immunity. Endogenous elicitors are similarly recognized as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This review focuses on the diversity of MAMPs/DAMPs and on progress to identify the corresponding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in plants. The two best-characterized MAMP/PRR pairs, flagellin/FLS2 and EF-Tu/EFR, are discussed in detail and put into a phylogenetic perspective. Both FLS2 and EFR are leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs). Upon treatment with flagellin, FLS2 forms a heteromeric complex with BAK1, an LRR-RK that also acts as coreceptor for the brassinolide receptor BRI1. The importance of MAMP/PRR signaling for plant immunity is highlighted by the finding that plant pathogens use effectors to inhibit PRR complexes or downstream signaling events. Current evidence indicates that MAMPs, DAMPs, and effectors are all perceived as danger signals and induce a stereotypic defense response.
2,801 citations
TL;DR: Recent advances made in understanding the role of salicylic acid, jasmonates and ethylene in modulating plant defence responses against various diseases and pests are reviewed.
Abstract: Plant hormones play important roles in regulating developmental processes and signaling networks involved in plant responses to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Significant progress has been made in identifying the key components and understanding the role of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonates (JA) and ethylene (ET) in plant responses to biotic stresses. Recent studies indicate that other hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin (CK), brassinosteroids (BR) and peptide hormones are also implicated in plant defence signaling pathways but their role in plant defence is less well studied. Here, we review recent advances made in understanding the role of these hormones in modulating plant defence responses against various diseases and pests.
2,072 citations
Cites background from "Plant Stomata Function in Innate Im..."
...In addition, coronatine has been shown to prevent PAMP-induced stomatal closure which facilitates bacterial entry into the leaf (Melotto et al. 2006)....
[...]
...ABA activates stomatal closure that acts as a barrier against bacterial infection (Melotto et al. 2006)....
[...]
TL;DR: This study identifies interactors of ABI1 and ABI2 which are named regulatory components of ABA receptor (RCARs) in Arabidopsis and suggests that the ABA receptors may be a class of closely related complexes, which may explain previous difficulties in establishing its identity.
Abstract: The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a developmental signal and as an integrator of environmental cues such as drought and cold. Key players in ABA signal transduction include the type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) ABI1 and ABI2, which act by negatively regulating ABA responses. In this study, we identify interactors of ABI1 and ABI2 which we have named regulatory components of ABA receptor (RCARs). In Arabidopsis, RCARs belong to a family with 14 members that share structural similarity with class 10 pathogen-related proteins. RCAR1 was shown to bind ABA, to mediate ABA-dependent inactivation of ABI1 or ABI2 in vitro, and to antagonize PP2C action in planta. Other RCARs also mediated ABA-dependent regulation of ABI1 and ABI2, consistent with a combinatorial assembly of receptor complexes.
1,854 citations
TL;DR: Recent advances are reported, updating current knowledge on classical defense hormones SA, JA, and ET, and the roles of auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), and brassinosteroids in molding plant-pathogen interactions are updated.
Abstract: Until recently, most studies on the role of hormones in plant-pathogen interactions focused on salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET). It is now clear that pathogen-induced modulation of signaling via other hormones contributes to virulence. A picture is emerging of complex crosstalk and induced hormonal changes that modulate disease and resistance, with outcomes dependent on pathogen lifestyles and the genetic constitution of the host. Recent progress has revealed intriguing similarities between hormone signaling mechanisms, with gene induction responses often achieved by derepression. Here, we report on recent advances, updating current knowledge on classical defense hormones SA, JA, and ET, and the roles of auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), and brassinosteroids in molding plant-pathogen interactions. We highlight an emerging theme that positive and negative regulators of these disparate hormone signaling pathways are crucial regulatory targets of hormonal crosstalk in disease and defense.
1,554 citations
Cites background from "Plant Stomata Function in Innate Im..."
...JAZ proteins bind AtMYC2 and also interact with COI1 through their C-terminal JAS domain (88, 123), forming a stable complex in the presence of (3R,7S)-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (55), or the equivalently bioactive coronatine....
[...]
References
More filters
Book•
15 Jan 2001
TL;DR: Molecular Cloning has served as the foundation of technical expertise in labs worldwide for 30 years as mentioned in this paper and has been so popular, or so influential, that no other manual has been more widely used and influential.
Abstract: Molecular Cloning has served as the foundation of technical expertise in labs worldwide for 30 years. No other manual has been so popular, or so influential. Molecular Cloning, Fourth Edition, by the celebrated founding author Joe Sambrook and new co-author, the distinguished HHMI investigator Michael Green, preserves the highly praised detail and clarity of previous editions and includes specific chapters and protocols commissioned for the book from expert practitioners at Yale, U Mass, Rockefeller University, Texas Tech, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Washington University, and other leading institutions. The theoretical and historical underpinnings of techniques are prominent features of the presentation throughout, information that does much to help trouble-shoot experimental problems. For the fourth edition of this classic work, the content has been entirely recast to include nucleic-acid based methods selected as the most widely used and valuable in molecular and cellular biology laboratories. Core chapters from the third edition have been revised to feature current strategies and approaches to the preparation and cloning of nucleic acids, gene transfer, and expression analysis. They are augmented by 12 new chapters which show how DNA, RNA, and proteins should be prepared, evaluated, and manipulated, and how data generation and analysis can be handled. The new content includes methods for studying interactions between cellular components, such as microarrays, next-generation sequencing technologies, RNA interference, and epigenetic analysis using DNA methylation techniques and chromatin immunoprecipitation. To make sense of the wealth of data produced by these techniques, a bioinformatics chapter describes the use of analytical tools for comparing sequences of genes and proteins and identifying common expression patterns among sets of genes. Building on thirty years of trust, reliability, and authority, the fourth edition of Mol
215,169 citations
[...]
TL;DR: This unit discusses mammalian Toll receptors (TLR1‐10) that have an essential role in the innate immune recognition of microorganisms and are discussed are TLR‐mediated signaling pathways and antibodies that are available to detect specific TLRs.
Abstract: The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of host defense mechanisms. In drosophila antimicrobial responses rely on two signaling pathways: the Toll pathway and the IMD pathway. In mammals there are at least 10 members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family that recognize specific components conserved among microorganisms. Activation of the TLRs leads not only to the induction of inflammatory responses but also to the development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity. The TLR-induced inflammatory response is dependent on a common signaling pathway that is mediated by the adaptor molecule MyD88. However, there is evidence for additional pathways that mediate TLR ligand-specific biological responses.
5,915 citations
TL;DR: The current knowledge of recognition-dependent disease resistance in plants is reviewed, and a few crucial concepts are included to compare and contrast plant innate immunity with that more commonly associated with animals.
Abstract: Plants cannot move to escape environmental challenges. Biotic stresses result from a battery of potential pathogens: fungi, bacteria, nematodes and insects intercept the photosynthate produced by plants, and viruses use replication machinery at the host's expense. Plants, in turn, have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to perceive such attacks, and to translate that perception into an adaptive response. Here, we review the current knowledge of recognition-dependent disease resistance in plants. We include a few crucial concepts to compare and contrast plant innate immunity with that more commonly associated with animals. There are appreciable differences, but also surprising parallels.
3,814 citations
"Plant Stomata Function in Innate Im..." refers background in this paper
...Pseudomonas syringae has been used as a model for the discovery of many fundamental mechanisms underlying host-bacterium interactions (Dangl and Jones 2001; Katagiri et al., 2002; Ausubel, 2005; Chisholm et al., 2006)....
[...]
...Pseudomonas syringae has been used as a model for the discovery of many fundamental mechanisms underlying host-bacterium interactions ( Dangl and Jones 2001; Katagiri et al., 2002; Ausubel, 2005; Chisholm et al., 2006)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this review, taking an evolutionary perspective, important discoveries over the last decade about the plant immune response are highlighted.
2,668 citations
"Plant Stomata Function in Innate Im..." refers background in this paper
...Pseudomonas syringae has been used as a model for the discovery of many fundamental mechanisms underlying host-bacterium interactions (Dangl and Jones 2001; Katagiri et al., 2002; Ausubel, 2005; Chisholm et al., 2006 )....
[...]
...Pseudomonas syringae has been used as a model for the discovery of many fundamental mechanisms underlying host-bacterium interactions (Dangl and Jones 2001; Katagiri et al., 2002; Ausubel, 2005; Chisholm et al., 2006)....
[...]