Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea
Citations
6,689 citations
Cites background from "Plastic Pollution in the World's Oc..."
...(17) reported 35,540 tons of floating microplastics from plankton net data, and 233,400 tons of “larger plastic items” (> 20 cm in size) from shipboard visual survey data....
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5,515 citations
2,083 citations
1,864 citations
Cites background from "Plastic Pollution in the World's Oc..."
...…of particles are all factors determining transport and 356 fate of particles within these aquatic systems and can lead to large variation, even within a relatively 357 small area (Castañeda et al., 2014; Eriksen et al., 2014; Eriksen et al., 2013; Fischer et al., 2016; Free 358 et al., 2014)....
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...Area 345 of water surface, depth, wind, currents and density of particles are all factors determining transport 346 and fate of particles within these aquatic systems (Eriksen et al., 2014; Eriksen et al., 2013; Fischer et 347 al., 2016; Free et al., 2014)....
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1,515 citations
Cites background from "Plastic Pollution in the World's Oc..."
...25 trillion plastic particles contaminate the global sea surface, 51 (14) while approximately 4 billion fibres km contaminate the deep Indian Ocean floor....
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References
4,067 citations
4,044 citations
"Plastic Pollution in the World's Oc..." refers background in this paper
...These include UV degradation, biodegradation, ingestion by organisms, decreased buoyancy due to fouling organisms, entrainment in settling detritus, and beaching [4]....
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...Through photodegradation and other weathering processes, plastics fragment and disperse in the ocean [4, 5], converging in the subtropical gyres [6–9]....
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3,119 citations
"Plastic Pollution in the World's Oc..." refers background or methods in this paper
...33 mm, which is a commonly used lower limit for pelagic microplastics [31]....
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...There is a clear need for consistent measures in the field [31], and herein we followed a practical approach using commonly employed boundaries and logistic considerations (net and sieve sizes) in order to integrate an extensive dataset that covers the entire global ocean, including areas that have never been sampled before....
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2,114 citations
"Plastic Pollution in the World's Oc..." refers background in this paper
...Adsorption of persistent organic pollutants onto plastic and their transfer into the tissues and organs through ingestion [15] is impacting marine megafauna [16] as well as lower trophic-level organisms [17, 18] and their predators [19, 20]....
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2,078 citations
"Plastic Pollution in the World's Oc..." refers background or result in this paper
...The similarities between our results and those of this study [25] gives us further confidence in our estimates and support our Estimate of Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans...
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...This study [25] also found a 100-fold discrepancy between expected microplastic weight and abundance and their observations, indicating a tremendous loss of microplastics....
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...A recent study on the global distribution of microplastic [25] suggests that the total floating microplastic load ranges between 7,000 and 35,000 metric tons, and ours is 35,500 metric tons....
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...Despite oceanographic model predictions of where debris might converge [24] estimates of regional and global abundance and weight of floating plastics have been limited to microplastics ,5 mm [19, 25]....
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