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Journal ArticleDOI

Plasticity of the Arabidopsis Root System under Nutrient Deficiencies

01 Sep 2013-Plant Physiology (American Society of Plant Biologists)-Vol. 163, Iss: 1, pp 161-179
TL;DR: A systematic comparison of RSA responses to nutrient deficiencies provides a comprehensive view of the overall changes in root plasticity induced by the deficiency of single nutrients and provides a solid basis for the identification of nutrient-sensitive steps in the root developmental program.
Abstract: Plant roots show a particularly high variation in their morphological response to different nutrient deficiencies. Although such changes often determine the nutrient efficiency or stress tolerance of plants, it is surprising that a comprehensive and comparative analysis of root morphological responses to different nutrient deficiencies has not yet been conducted. Since one reason for this is an inherent difficulty in obtaining nutrient-deficient conditions in agar culture, we first identified conditions appropriate for producing nutrient-deficient plants on agar plates. Based on a careful selection of agar specifically for each nutrient being considered, we grew Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants at four levels of deficiency for 12 nutrients and quantified seven root traits. In combination with measurements of biomass and elemental concentrations, we observed that the nutritional status and type of nutrient determined the extent and type of changes in root system architecture (RSA). The independent regulation of individual root traits further pointed to a differential sensitivity of root tissues to nutrient limitations. To capture the variation in RSA under different nutrient supplies, we used principal component analysis and developed a root plasticity chart representing the overall modulations in RSA under a given treatment. This systematic comparison of RSA responses to nutrient deficiencies provides a comprehensive view of the overall changes in root plasticity induced by the deficiency of single nutrients and provides a solid basis for the identification of nutrient-sensitive steps in the root developmental program.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
07 Apr 2016-Cell
TL;DR: It is shown that C. tofieldiae is an endemic endophyte in natural Arabidopsis thaliana populations in central Spain and that the host’s phosphate starvation response (PSR) system controls Ct root colonization and is needed for plant growth promotion (PGP).

427 citations


Cites methods from "Plasticity of the Arabidopsis Root ..."

  • ...To address whether Ct helps plants to assimilate nutrients, we used an agarose gel-based medium in which the concentration of specific nutrients, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and iron, can be tightly controlled (Gruber et al., 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An updated overview of mechanisms by which nitrate is sensed and transported throughout the plant is provided, and signaling components and how nitrate sensing crosstalks with hormonal pathways for developmental responses locally and globally in the plant are discussed.

386 citations


Cites background from "Plasticity of the Arabidopsis Root ..."

  • ...When nutrient-deficient plants are supplied with a heterogeneous nutrient environment, they activate a set of morphological and physiological responses called foraging (De Kroon et al., 2009; Gojon et al., 2009; Gruber et al., 2013; Hodge, 2004; Nacry et al., 2013)....

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  • ...…effect on lateral roots (LRs) depending on the concentration: (1) a stimulation of LR growth at limiting to sufficient N-supply ([NO3 -] <10mM) and (2) an inhibition of LR meristem activation at supraoptimal N-supply ([NO3 -] ≥10mM) (Gruber et al., 2013; Zhang and Forde, 1998; Zhang et al., 1999)....

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  • ...(3)Root traits can exhibit dosedependent sensitivity to the imposed N-deficiency (Gruber et al., 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Several aspects of MGD in plants are discussed, including phenotypic and physiological changes, cell Mg2 + homeostasis control by Mg3 + transporters, MGD signaling, interactions between Mg1 + and other ions, and roles of Mg 2 + in plant secondary metabolism.
Abstract: Although magnesium (Mg) is one of the most important nutrients, involved in many enzyme activities and the structural stabilization of tissues, its importance as a macronutrient ion has been overlooked in recent decades by botanists and agriculturists, who did not regard Mg deficiency (MGD) in plants as a severe health problem. However, recent studies have shown, surprisingly, that Mg contents in historical cereal seeds have markedly declined over time, and two thirds of people surveyed in developed countries received less than their minimum daily Mg requirement. Thus, the mechanisms of response to MGD and ways to increase Mg contents in plants are two urgent practical problems. In this review, we discuss several aspects of MGD in plants, including phenotypic and physiological changes, cell Mg2 + homeostasis control by Mg2 + transporters, MGD signaling, interactions between Mg2 + and other ions, and roles of Mg2 + in plant secondary metabolism. Our aim is to improve understanding of the influence of MGD on plant growth and development and to advance crop breeding for Mg enrichment.

367 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that functional evidence on the role of root plasticity will support breeders in their efforts to include root properties in their current selection pipeline for abiotic stress tolerance, aimed to improve the robustness of crops.
Abstract: To face future challenges in crop production dictated by global climate changes, breeders and plant researchers collaborate to develop productive crops that are able to withstand a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. However, crop selection is often focused on shoot performance alone, as observation of root properties is more complex and asks for artificial and extensive phenotyping platforms. In addition, most root research focuses on development, while a direct link to the functionality of plasticity in root development for tolerance is often lacking. In this paper we review the currently known root system architecture (RSA) responses in Arabidopsis and a number of crop species to a range of abiotic stresses, including nutrient limitation, drought, salinity, flooding and extreme temperatures. For each of these stresses, the key molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the RSA response are highlighted. To explore the relevance for crop selection, we especially review and discuss studies linking root architectural responses to stress tolerance. This will provide a first step towards understanding the relevance of adaptive root development for a plant’s response to its environment. We suggest that functional evidence on the role of root plasticity will support breeders in their efforts to include root properties in their current selection pipeline for abiotic stress tolerance, aimed to improve the robustness of crops.

325 citations


Cites background from "Plasticity of the Arabidopsis Root ..."

  • ...Recently, RSA changes upon a wide range of nutrient deficiencies have been mapped in Arabidopsis growing on agar plates (Gruber et al., 2013)....

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  • ...A strong shift from main root growth to lateral root growth is observed, which leads to a short root with a high number of long laterals (Figure 3A; Williamson, 2001; Linkohr et al., 2002; López-Bucio et al., 2002; Gruber et al., 2013)....

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  • ...However, low nitrate availability does not limit primary and lateral root elongation, enabling the root system to reach deeper layers of the soil (Figure 3B; Linkohr et al., 2002; Gruber et al., 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work highlights what is known about the importance of individual root system components for nutrient acquisition and how developmental and physiological responses can be coupled to increase nutrient foraging by roots and reviews prominent molecular mechanisms involved in altering the root system in response to local nutrient availability or to the plant's nutritional status.
Abstract: During a plant's lifecycle, the availability of nutrients in the soil is mostly heterogeneous in space and time. Plants are able to adapt to nutrient shortage or localized nutrient availability by altering their root system architecture to efficiently explore soil zones containing the limited nutrient. It has been shown that the deficiency of different nutrients induces root architectural and morphological changes that are, at least to some extent, nutrient specific. Here, we highlight what is known about the importance of individual root system components for nutrient acquisition and how developmental and physiological responses can be coupled to increase nutrient foraging by roots. In addition, we review prominent molecular mechanisms involved in altering the root system in response to local nutrient availability or to the plant's nutritional status.

310 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In vivo redox biosensing resolves the spatiotemporal dynamics of compartmental responses to local ROS generation and provide a basis for understanding how compartment-specific redox dynamics may operate in retrograde signaling and stress 67 acclimation in plants.
Abstract: In experiments with tobacco tissue cultured on White's modified medium (basal meditmi hi Tnhles 1 and 2) supplemenk'd with kiticthi and hidoleacctic acid, a slrikin^' fourlo (ive-told intTease iu yield was ohtaitu-d within a three to Tour week j^rowth period on addition of an aqtteotis exlrarl of tobacco leaves (Fi^'ures 1 and 2). Subse(iueutly it was found Ihiit this jnoniotiou oi' f^rowih was due mainly though nol entirely to inorj^auic rather than organic con.stitttenls in the extract. In the isolation of Rrowth factors from plant tissues and other sources inorj '̂anic salts are fre(|uently carried along with fhe organic fraclioits. When tissue cultures are used for bioassays, therefore, il is necessary lo lake into account increases in growth which may result from nutrient elements or other known constituents of the medium which may he present in the te.st materials. To minimize interference trom rontaminaitis of this type, an altempt has heen made to de\\eh)p a nieditmi with such adequate supplies of all re(iuired tnineral nutrients and cotntnott orgattic cottslitueitls that no apprecial»le change in growth rate or yield will result from the inlroduclion of additional amounts in the range ordinarily expected to be present in tnaterials to be assayed. As a point of referetice for this work some of the culture media in mc)st common current use will he cotisidered briefly. For ease of comparis4)n Iheir mineral compositions are listed in Tables 1 and 2. White's nutrient .solution, designed originally for excised root cultures, was based on Uspeuski and Uspetiskaia's medium for algae and Trelease and Trelease's micronutrieni solution. This medium also was employed successfully in the original cttltivation of callus from the tobacco Iiybrid Nicotiana gtauca x A', tanijadorffii, atitl as further modified by White in 194̂ ^ and by others it has been used for the

63,098 citations


"Plasticity of the Arabidopsis Root ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The nutrient composition of the modified 1/2 MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) and the germination and treatment periods are indicated in Supplemental Table S3....

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Book
15 Jun 2021
TL;DR: The third edition of Marschner's "Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants" as mentioned in this paper is the most comprehensive and comprehensive reference on plant mineral nutrition, which has been published since 1996.
Abstract: Respected and known worldwide in the field for his research in plant nutrition, Dr. Horst Marschner authored two editions of Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. His research greatly advanced the understanding of rhizosphere processes and trace element uptake by plants and he published extensively in a variety of plant nutrition areas. While doing agricultural research in West Africa in 1996, Dr. Marschner contracted malaria and passed away, and until now this legacy title went unrevised. Despite the passage of time, it remains the definitive reference on plant mineral nutrition. Great progress has been made in the understanding of various aspects of plant nutrition and in recent years the view on the mode of action of mineral nutrients in plant metabolism and yield formation has shifted. Nutrients are not only viewed as constituents of plant compounds (constructing material), enzymes and electron transport chains but also as signals regulating plant metabolism via complex signal transduction networks. In these networks, phytohormones also play an important role. Principles of the mode of action of phytohormones and examples of the interaction of hormones and mineral nutrients on source and sink strength and yield formation are discussed in this edition. Phytohormones have a role as chemical messengers (internal signals) to coordinate development and responses to environmental stimuli at the whole plant level. These and many other molecular developments are covered in the long-awaited new edition. Esteemed plant nutrition expert and Horst Marschner's daughter, Dr. Petra Marschner, together with a team of key co-authors who worked with Horst Marschner on his research, now present a thoroughly updated and revised third edition of Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, maintaining its value for plant nutritionists worldwide. Key Features * Second Edition of this established text * Structure of the book remains the same * 50% of the reference and 50% of the figures and tables have been replaced * Whole of the text has been revised * Coverage of plant (soil interactions has been increased considerably)

3,040 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The user interface is simple and homogeneous among all the programs; this contributes to making the use of ADE-4 very easy for non- specialists in statistics, data analysis or computer science.
Abstract: We present ADE-4, a multivariate analysis and graphical display software. Multivariate analysis methods available in ADE-4 include usual one-table methods like principal component analysis and correspondence analysis, spatial data analysis methods (using a total variance decomposition into local and global components, analogous to Moran and Geary indices), discriminant analysis and within/between groups analyses, many linear regression methods including lowess and polynomial regression, multiple and PLS (partial least squares) regression and orthogonal regression (principal component regression), projection methods like principal component analysis on instrumental variables, canonical correspondence analysis and many other variants, coinertia analysis and the RLQ method, and several three-way table (k-table) analysis methods. Graphical display techniques include an automatic collection of elementary graphics corresponding to groups of rows or to columns in the data table, thus providing a very efficient way for automatic k-table graphics and geographical mapping options. A dynamic graphic module allows interactive operations like searching, zooming, selection of points, and display of data values on factor maps. The user interface is simple and homogeneous among all the programs; this contributes to making the use of ADE-4 very easy for non- specialists in statistics, data analysis or computer science.

1,651 citations


"Plasticity of the Arabidopsis Root ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The normalized root traits were subjected to correlation analysis and PCA using the R package ADE-4 (Thioulouse et al., 1997)....

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  • ...Plant Cell 18: 1498–1509 Thioulouse J, Chessel D, Doledec S, Olivier JM (1997) ADE-4: a multivariate analysis and graphical display software....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The purpose of this Update is to briefly summarize conceptual issues and recent developments in the study of root architecture and to propose a framework for understanding its physiological basis.
Abstract: Water and nutrient availability limit plant growth in a11 but a very few natural ecosystems. They limit yield in most agricultural ecosystems, and in the United States and other industrialized nations, intensive irrigation and fertilization have generated serious environmental problems. The acquisition of soil resources by plant root systems is therefore a subject of considerable interest in agriculture and ecology, as well as a complex and challenging problem in basic plant biology. Symbioses between roots and otlier organisms (notably mycorrhizas and N-fixing bacteria), modification of the rhizosphere through root exudates, and the uptake and transport characteristics of root axes are a11 important dimensions of this problem that are being actively researched by plant biologists. Another aspect of this problem that has received less attention, despite its probable importance, is root architecture. Recent methodological innovations present opportunities for improved under.standing of the functional importance of root architecture in the efficient acquisition of soil resources and plant adaptation to suboptimal soil conditions. The purpose of this Update is to briefly summarize conceptual issues and recent developments in the study of root architecture and to propose a framework for understanding its physiological basis.

1,627 citations


"Plasticity of the Arabidopsis Root ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Root system architecture (RSA) represents the spatial arrangement of roots of different ages and orders (Lynch, 1995; Osmont et al., 2007) and is determined by genetic factors and the integration of environmental cues (Malamy, 2005)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Genetic evidence is presented that IRT1 is essential for the uptake of iron from the soil, and it is shown that I RT1 is expressed in the external cell layers of the root, specifically in response to iron starvation.
Abstract: Plants are the principal source of iron in most diets, yet iron availability often limits plant growth. In response to iron deficiency, Arabidopsis roots induce the expression of the divalent cation transporter IRT1. Here, we present genetic evidence that IRT1 is essential for the uptake of iron from the soil. An Arabidopsis knockout mutant in IRT1 is chlorotic and has a severe growth defect in soil, leading to death. This defect is rescued by the exogenous application of iron. The mutant plants do not take up iron and fail to accumulate other divalent cations in low-iron conditions. IRT1‐green fluorescent protein fusion, transiently expressed in culture cells, localized to the plasma membrane. We also show, through promoter:: � -glucuronidase analysis and in situ hybridization, that IRT1 is expressed in the external cell layers of the root, specifically in response to iron starvation. These results clearly demonstrate that IRT1 is the major transporter responsible for high-affinity metal uptake under iron deficiency.

1,417 citations


"Plasticity of the Arabidopsis Root ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Plant Mol Biol 48: 697–712 Vert G, Grotz N, Dédaldéchamp F, Gaymard F, Guerinot ML, Briat JF, Curie C (2002) IRT1, an Arabidopsis transporter essential for iron uptake from the soil and for plant growth....

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  • ...Additionally, the concentrations of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) increased under Fe deficiency (Supplemental Table S1), which was most likely associated with the poor substrate selectivity of the Fe deficiency-induced Fe transporter IRONREGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) (Vert et al., 2002)....

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