Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow
Summary (2 min read)
5 Experimental Studies
- The proposed technique is compared with baseline techniques over eight different image quality databases.
- Each feature extraction scheme is followed by a feature-pooling phase that is carried out by using SVR.
- The quality scores obtained for each feature extraction scheme and image quality database are compared with three correlationbased measures.
- In Sections 5.1 and 5.2, the experimental procedures are explained in detail.
5.1 Image Quality Databases
- Basic properties of each dataset, namely, number of reference images, number of distorted images, number of distortion types, number of distortion levels, image properties, and information about subjective evaluation are listed in Table 1 .
- Some of the attributes in Table 1 are stated as "Varying" since these attributes may change for different reference images.
5.2 Experimental Procedures and Results
- The average, standard deviation, and average ranking of the performance of the objective quality metrics.
- In order to increase the readability of the results, objective quality measures providing the first and second best performance, are written in bold font.
Averaging scheme Criteria
- Single distortion-based quality evaluation is performed on the LIVE image dataset, because the objective quality metrics that provide the leading performance on the overall quality evaluation (IFS, VSI, 2-DMC, and proposed) suffer performance losses on the LIVE image dataset.
- Except for the results obtained for WN and GB, the VIF outperforms other metrics on the remaining distortion types.
- GB, and FF types of degradation, it fails to provide acceptable performance on the compression type of degradation (JPEG2000, JPEG).
- Taking into consideration the overall quality evaluations presented in Tables 2 and 3 , one can conclude that slight performance losses in single distortion results lead to performance reduction on the overall quality evaluation.
- The experiments also revealed that the proposed 2-D complex mel-cepstrum outperforms classical 2-DMC features in nearly all of the tests by making use of image-phase information, which contains structural details and high-frequency components.
6 Conclusion
- The proposed feature extraction framework integrates image-phase information with the classical mel-cepstrum computation to achieve an appropriate balance between FT magnitude and phase for image representation.
- The complex mel-cepstrum-based features are fed into the SVR-based feature-pooling technique to obtain objective quality scores.
- The experimental studies demonstrate that the proposed feature extraction technique outperforms baseline techniques on several datasets while achieving an acceptable performance on the remaining datasets.
- The promising results obtained through large-scale experimentation reveal the effectiveness and representative power of the 2-D complex mel-cepstrum feature extraction scheme.
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Cites background from "Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem ce..."
...It will be of interest to determine whether Nanog is expressed in multipotent adult progenitor cells (Jiang et al., 2002) and may therefore be generally associated with pluripotency, or whether it is truly unique to the ES cell phenotype....
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...It will be of interest to determine whether Nanog is expressed in multipotentof Oct4 causes ES cells to differentiate (Niwa et al., 2000) whereas increased Nanog prevents differentia- adult progenitor cells (Jiang et al., 2002) and may therefore be generally associated with pluripotency, ortion....
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Frequently Asked Questions (14)
Q2. what is the role of febb in the development of a mouse embryonic?
Disruption of overlapping transcripts in the ROSA beta geo 26 gene trap strainleads to widespread expression of beta-galactosidase in mouse embryos and hematopoietic cells.
Q3. What is the role of cell fusion in stem cell plasticity?
In vitro and in vivo conversion of bone-marrow-derived MAPCs to endothelium, ectoderm and endoderm occurs at the single cell level.
Q4. How many cells were injected into the femurs and tibias?
For serial transplantation, 1.5 £ 107 cells from two femurs and two tibias were transplanted into individual secondary recipients by means of tail vein injection.
Q5. What is the reason for the fusion of euploid cells?
In two studies somatic cells could be induced to fuse with ES cells in vitro, generating tetraploid cells with ES-like characteristics45,46.
Q6. What is the effect of a teratoma formation in a MAPC?
absence of teratoma formation when undifferentiated MAPCs are infused should allow the use of undifferentiated MAPCs to treat systemic diseases, such as inherited enzyme deficiencies or muscular dystrophy.
Q7. What is the role of a chimaerism in a cell therapy?
MAPCs differentiate into haematopoietic cells in vivo and can thus be used to establish haematopoietic chimaerism, which should make such an allogeneic cell therapy approach feasible.
Q8. What is the reason for the lack of fusion in animals?
the speed and robustness with which engraftment and tissue-specific differentiation is seen in animals without need for selectable pressure, also argues against the idea that MAPC engraftment and differentiation in post-natal animals is caused by fusion.
Q9. What was the source of the anti-GFAP antibodies?
Control mouse, rabbit or goat immunoglobuling and FITC, Cy3-labelled secondary antibodies were from Sigma; Cy5-labelled antibodies were from Chemicon International.
Q10. What is the reason for the in vitro behaviour of MAPCs?
Their in vitro studies demonstrating that single euploid MAPCs—never co-cultured with tissue-specific cells or ES cells—differentiate into cells of the three germ layers, show that the in vitro behaviour of MAPCs cannot be attributed to stem cell fusion.
Q11. What is the reason for the lack of a study?
Monthly cytogenetics28 of mMAPCs and rMAPCs did not reveal abnormalities, except in one mMAPC population that became hyperdiploid at 45 population doublings, and was no longer used for studies.
Q12. what is the origin of endothelial progenitor cells?
Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatalvasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization.
Q13. What is the corresponding peptide used in the study?
AAntibodies used Antibodies against NF-200 (clone N52, 1:400), GalC (G-9152; 1:100), CK18 (C-8541; 1:300), pan-CK (C-2562; 1:100), albumin (A-6684; 1:100), GABA (A-2052, 1:500), MAP2 (AP20, 1:400), dopa-decarboxylase (DDC-109, 1:100), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-16, 1:1,000), serotonin (S-5545, 1:1,000), cardiac troponin-I (sc-8118, 1:100), and dystrophin (D-8168; 1:100) were from Sigma.
Q14. what is the hematopoietic competence of neural stem cells?
C. M., Benveniste, P., Iscove, N. N. & van der Kooy, D. Hematopoietic competence is a rareproperty of neural stem cells that may depend on genetic and epigenetic alterations.