Poetic Expressions: Students of Color Express Resiliency Through Metaphors and Similes

doi:10.4219/JAA-2007-355

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Poetic Expressions: Students of Color Express Resiliency Through Metaphors and Similes

Journal Article•DOI•

Poetic Expressions: Students of Color Express Resiliency Through Metaphors and Similes

Horace R. Hall¹•Institutions (1)

DePaul University¹

01 Feb 2007-Journal of Advanced Academics (SAGE Publications)-Vol. 18, Iss: 2, pp 216-244

TL;DR: The after-school City School Outreach youth program captured the attention of high school male students by offering them a physically and psychologically safe environment to talk about issues they faced as mentioned in this paper.

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Abstract: The after-school City School Outreach youth program captured the attention of high school male students by offering them a physically and psychologically safe environment to talk about issues they faced. The students of color who attended the program used various forms of creative written expression (i.e., poetry, spoken word, and hip hop) to document and share their lived realities as African American and Latino youth. An analysis of their writings and subsequent interviews revealed a variety of coping strategies and resources that these resilient adolescent males of color used to transcend adversity in their environment. When adolescent males of color have a strong sense of cultural pride and awareness, they are able to construct a healthy self-concept that assists them in acts of agency and resistance against negative psychological forces in their environment. These students used familial and nonfamilial support mechanisms, such as peers, church, and mentors, to assist them in reducing the stressful im...

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Journal Article•

Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria

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Mark Englefield

01 Jul 2005-Mankind Quarterly

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the Black Male Development Initiative (BMDI) as a strategy for Black males on campus and discuss their personal experiences and memories of moments where they become aware of similarities and differences among people.

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Abstract: Race and Racism w “Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?” featuring Dr. Beverly Tatum’s book. w “Recovering from Racism: Redefining What it Means to be White.” w “50th Anniversary of Brown vs. Board of Education.” w “The Mis-Education of the Negro” featuring Dr. Carter Woodson’s book. w “Moving Past the Margins: Creating successful strategies for Black males on campus,” presenting the Black Male Development Initiative (BMDI). w “He had a Dream... What is Yours?” Addressing Dr. King’s “I Have a Dream” speech and its current relevance in our society. w “Demystifying Malcolm X.” w “Racial Stereotyping and Responses to Terrorism.” w “Racial Stereotyping – Responding to Fear.” w “Free, White and (over) 21: Being White in a Multicultural World.” w “Constructing Race and Ethnicity in the 21st Century.” w “How did I Learn about Culture and Race?” Sharing your personal experiences and memories of moments where you become aware of similarities and differences among people. w “ABC: American-Born... and Confused?” w “The Invisible Asian: Where are the Asians in Diversity?” w “100 Years of Race Talk: Is It Enough?”

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1,031 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Learning Gender@@@Shards of Glass: Children Reading and Writing beyond Gendered Identities

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Timothy J. Lensmire, Bronwyn Davies

01 Jun 1995-Educational Researcher

TL;DR: In this paper, a post-structuralist theory and the study of gendered childhoods are used to identify the subjects of childhood knowledge and reading and writing a vision of femininity.

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Abstract: Post-structuralist theory and the study of gendered childhoods the subjects of childhood knowledge and the subjects of reading and writing a vision of femininity? (masculine) transformations sexuality deconstructive reading writing beyond the male-female dualism.

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593 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Cool Pose: The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America.

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Terri Gullickson, Pamela Ramser

01 Jan 1996-Psyccritiques

421 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The Role of School in Adolescents’ Identity Development. A Literature Review

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M. Verhoeven¹, Astrid M. G. Poorthuis², Monique Volman¹•Institutions (2)

University of Amsterdam¹, Utrecht University²

01 Mar 2019-Educational Psychology Review

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a literature review on the role of school in adolescents' identity development from different research fields and to provide schools and teachers with insights into how adolescents’ identity development can be supported.

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Abstract: Schools can play an important role in adolescents’ identity development. To date, research on the role of school in adolescents’ identity development is scattered across research fields that employ different theoretical perspectives on identity. The aim of this literature review was to integrate the findings on the role of school in adolescents’ identity development from different research fields and to provide schools and teachers with insights into how adolescents’ identity development can be supported. Using constant comparative analysis, 111 studies were analyzed. We included articles on personal and social identity and on school-related identity dimensions. Three groups of studies emerged. First, studies on how schools and teachers unintentionally impact adolescents’ identity showed that, at school, messages may unintentionally be communicated to adolescents concerning who they should or can be through differentiation and selection, teaching strategies, teacher expectations, and peer norms. Second, studies on how schools and teachers can intentionally support adolescents’ identity development showed that different types of explorative learning experiences can be organized to support adolescents’ identity development: experiences aimed at exploring new identity positions (in-breadth exploration), further specifying already existing self-understandings (in-depth exploration), and reflecting on self-understandings (reflective exploration). The third group suggests that explorative learning experiences must be meaningful and situated in a supportive classroom climate in order to foster adolescents’ identity development. Together, the existing studies suggest that schools and teachers are often unaware of the many different ways in which they may significantly impact adolescents’ identity development.

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113 citations

Cites background from "Poetic Expressions: Students of Col..."

...…(Rogers, Morrell, & Enyedy, 2007; Vianna & Stetsenko, 2011), three ethnographic studies that do not explicitly adopt a particular perspective (Hall, 2007; Hardee & Reyelt, 2009; Muhammad, 2012), and one theoretical study in which various perspectives on identity are combined (Henfield,…...
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...Various theoretical articles, that either do not explicitly mention a perspective on identity development (Hall, 2007), or combine various perspectives on identity development (Harrell-Levy & Kerpelman, 2010; Ligorio, 2010), also argued that engaging adolescents in (internal) dialogues can help…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

White on black: can white parents teach black adoptive children how to understand and cope with racism?

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Darron T. Smith¹, Brenda G. Juárez², Cardell K. Jacobson³•Institutions (3)

Wichita State University¹, University of South Alabama², Brigham Young University³

13 Apr 2011-Journal of Black Studies

TL;DR: The authors use the notion of White racial framing to move outside of the traditional arguments for or against transracial adoption to instead explore how a close analysis of the adoptive parents’ racial instructions may serve as a learning tool to foster more democratic and inclusive forms of family and community.

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Abstract: In this article, the authors examine White parents’ endeavors toward the racial enculturation and inculcation of their transracially adopted Black children. Drawing on in-depth interviews, the authors identify and analyze themes across the specific race socialization strategies and practices White adoptive parents used to help their adopted Black children to develop a positive racial identity and learn how to effectively cope with issues of race and racism. The central aim of this article is to examine how these lessons about race help to connect family members to U.S. society’s existing racial hierarchy and how these associations position individuals to help perpetuate or challenge the deeply embedded and historical structures of White supremacy. The authors use the notion of White racial framing to move outside of the traditional arguments for or against transracial adoption to instead explore how a close analysis of the adoptive parents’ racial instructions may serve as a learning tool to foster more democratic and inclusive forms of family and community.

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75 citations

Cites background from "Poetic Expressions: Students of Col..."

...Resiliency is a protective mechanism that is requisite for individuals to successfully struggle against racism (Hall, 2007; Phinney, Cantu, & Kurtz, 1997)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Small Heroes: in and out of school with 10‐year‐old city kids∗

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William Ayers¹•Institutions (1)

University of Illinois at Chicago¹

01 Jan 1990-Cambridge Journal of Education

TL;DR: In this article, a composite sketch is drawn from observations of several third grade boys in a variety of different urban classroom settings over a two-year period (1987-89) and led to the Richmond neighborhood in Chicago, Illinois, USA, and specifically to Richmond Elementary School, the site of the current study.

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Abstract: ∗This paper is based on the initial steps toward a fuller ethnographic inquiry into the life‐situations of a small number of African‐American, inner‐city, 10‐year‐old boys‐‐specifically to locate their school experiences in the framework of their larger purposes and general contexts. The opening sketch is a composite drawn from observations of several third‐grade boys in a variety of different urban classroom settings over a two‐year period (1987‐89). This preliminary work led me to the Richmond neighborhood in Chicago, Illinois, USA, and specifically to Richmond Elementary School, the site of my current study.

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16 citations

"Poetic Expressions: Students of Col..." refers background in this paper

...Arguably, it is the insider position that can create problems of personal bias when collecting data, when making sense of qualitative findings, and when presuming knowledge about participants (Ayers, 1990)....
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Book•

Dangerous Adolescents, Model Adolescents: Shaping the Role and Promise of Education

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Roger J. R. Levesque

31 May 2002

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the role of public education in the development of adolescents' education and their role in fostering adolescents' health and well-being, as well as the challenges facing teenagers' education.

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Abstract: Part I: Developing Law to Educate Adolescents. 1. Education's Role in Fostering Adolescents. 2. Law and the Development of Public Education. Part II: Challenges Facing Adolescents' Education. 3. Dangerous Adolescents. 4. Model Adolescents. 5. Thriving Adolescents. Part III: Fostering Adolescents. 6. Ensuring the Promise of Education. Index

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16 citations

"Poetic Expressions: Students of Col..." refers background in this paper

...Rolando’s peer group experience has expanded his knowledge of his dual culture and enhanced his positive feelings related to self-esteem and self-worth—two 237Volume 18 ✤ Number 2 ✤ Winter 2007 essential components in resiliency (Buckner et al., 2003; Hill, 1998; Levesque, 2002)....
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...As previously discussed, the supportive nature of nonfamilial relationships act as a protective barrier, as well as a determinant of success for African American adolescents (Hill, 1998; Spitler et al., 2002)....
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...Quite the contrary, it is apparent from their writings and commentary that these young men possess a strong sense of direction, self-esteem, and self-worth—qualities viewed as essential aspects of resilience (Buckner et al., 2003; Levesque, 2002)....
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...(p. 70) Because that self-worth hinges partly upon the knowledge and expectation that he is able to make an important contribution to his family or community, a strong cultural base not only serves as a protective barrier that contributes to resiliency, but also enables a student of color to develop positive views about himself, which can lead to better performances in and outside of school (Hill, 1998; Kunjufu, 1995; Phinney, Cantu, & Kurtz, 1997)....
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...Levesque (2002) noted that resilience is identified through two main criteria: “First, there must have been a threat to the individual, such as the extent to which they live in a high risk environment....
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Book Chapter•DOI•

The ‘miseducation’ of black children in the British educational system – towards an African-centred orientation to knowledge

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Mekada Graham

29 Jun 2005

TL;DR: The schooling of black children within the British educational system continues to be the focus of discontent and general dissatisfaction among black parents,professionals and communities as mentioned in this paper, while black families are continually pathologised for the educational "problems" of their children rather than pursuing a serious analysis of institutional structures and educational processes that sometimes result in their differential treatment.

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Abstract: The schooling of black1 children within the British educational system continues to be the focus of discontent and general dissatisfaction among black parents, professionals and communities. The inertia of the authorities to the increasing numbers of black2 children cited in ofﬁcial school exclusion data parallels the 1960s, when high referral rates of black children to educationally subnormal schools were largely ignored by educational authorities (Coard 1971; CRE 1996; Social Exclusion Unit 1998; Department for Education and Employment 1997). At the same time black families are continually pathologised for the educational ‘problems’ of their children rather than pursuing a serious analysis of institutional structures and educational processes that sometimes result in their differential treatment. Research over the past decades has revealed the continued importance of racism and culture as central issues in the processes of educational delivery (Carby 1984; Dei 1999a; Gilborn 1995; Bourne, Bridges and Searle 1994; Wright 1985).

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14 citations

"Poetic Expressions: Students of Col..." refers background in this paper

...resource, Graham (2001) claimed that awareness of culture...
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...Stressing the weight of this vital resource, Graham (2001) claimed that awareness of culture provides the vehicle for affirming humanity and resistance . . . where falsehoods that have been told about Black people can be challenged and through this process knowledge can be used to assist families…...
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...Because that self-worth hinges partly upon the knowledge and expectation that he is able to make an important contribution to his family or community, a strong cultural base not only serves as a protective barrier that contributes to resiliency, but also enables a student of color to develop positive views about himself, which can lead to better performances in and outside of school (Hill, 1998; Kunjufu, 1995; Phinney, Cantu, & Kurtz, 1997). Consistent with Hill’s (1998) framework, a strong self-concept functions to guard the individual against negative influences, such as racial stereotypes, that can destroy self-perception....
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Book Chapter•DOI•

Gendered Adaptations, Resilience, and the Perpetration of Violence

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Jane F. Gilgun, Laura S. Abrams

01 Jan 2005

13 citations

"Poetic Expressions: Students of Col..." refers background in this paper

...Likewise, “people who come from backgrounds of privilege and physical security may develop a sense of entitlement that is maladaptive in other settings” (Gilgun & Abrams, 2005, p. 59)....
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...They differ across culture, ethnicity, gender, age, and socioeco- 220 Journal of Advanced Academics nomic status (Gilgun & Abrams, 2005)....
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Journal Article•

Where Homeboys Feel at Home in School.

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Tiona Juarez

01 Jan 1996-Educational Leadership

12 citations

"Poetic Expressions: Students of Col..." refers background in this paper

...…an abundance of work that focuses on why youth of color either fail or succeed academically (Cammarota, 2004; Conchas, 2001; Fordham & Ogbu, 1986; Juarez, 1996; Majors & Billson, 1992; Osborne, 2001), there is little research that concentrates on the dynamics that build resiliency within these…...
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...Even though there is an abundance of work that focuses on why youth of color either fail or succeed academically (Cammarota, 2004; Conchas, 2001; Fordham & Ogbu, 1986; Juarez, 1996; Majors & Billson, 1992; Osborne, 2001), there is little research that concentrates on the dynamics that build resiliency within these young people....
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