POHaD: why we should study future fathers.
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TLDR
A better understanding of pre-conceptional origins of disease through the paternal exposome will be informative to the field of transgenerational epigenetics and will ultimately help instruct and guide public health policies in the future.Abstract:
The growing field of 'Developmental Origin of Health and Disease' (DOHaD) generally reflects environmental influences from mother to child. The importance of maternal lifestyle, diet and other environmental exposures before and during gestation period is well recognized. However, few epidemiological designs explore potential influences from the paternal environment on offspring health. This is surprising given that numerous animal models have provided evidence that the paternal environment plays a role in a non-genetic inheritance of pre-conceptional exposures through the male germ line. Recent findings in humans suggest that the epigenome of sperm cells can indeed be affected by paternal exposures. Defects in epigenetic sperm mechanisms may result in persistent modifications, affecting male fertility or offspring health status. We addressed this issue at the LATSIS Symposium 'Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Impact for Biology and Society', in Zurich, 28-30 August 2017, and here provide important arguments why environmental and lifestyle-related exposures in young men should be studied. The Paternal Origins of Health and Disease (POHaD) paradigm was introduced to stress the need for more research on the role of the father in the transmission of acquired environmental messages from his environment to his offspring. A better understanding of pre-conceptional origins of disease through the paternal exposome will be informative to the field of transgenerational epigenetics and will ultimately help instruct and guide public health policies in the future.read more
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Intrauterine programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
TL;DR: The various in utero exposures that are linked to offspring obesity and diabetes in later life are reviewed, including epidemiological insights gained from natural historical events, such as the Dutch Hunger Winter, the Chinese famine and the more recent Quebec Ice Storm.
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Nutrigenetics, epigenetics and gestational diabetes: consequences in mother and child
TL;DR: The knowledge of epigenetic modifications induced by an adverse intrauterine and perinatal environment could shed light on the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of long-term disease development in the offspring and provide useful tools for their prevention.
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Nutrition and Metabolic Adaptations in Physiological and Complicated Pregnancy: Focus on Obesity and Gestational Diabetes.
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The preconception environment and sperm epigenetics
TL;DR: Recent research has shown that sperm epigenetics, such as changes in DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin structure, and noncoding RNA expression, can impact reproductive and offspring health.
References
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Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors and Male Fertility
TL;DR: The ability of an environmental factor to reprogram the germ line and to promote a transgenerational disease state has significant implications for evolutionary biology and disease etiology.
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Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs β-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring
TL;DR: It is shown that paternal high-fat-diet (HFD) exposure programs β-cell ‘dysfunction’ in rat F1 female offspring induces increased body weight, adiposity, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and the first report in mammals of non-genetic, intergenerational transmission of metabolic sequelae of a HFD from father to offspring.
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The genetics of human obesity
TL;DR: In the future, dissection of the complex genetic architecture of obesity will provide new avenues for treatment and prevention, and will increase the understanding of the regulation of energy balance in humans.
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TL;DR: Quantifying the effects of EDC mixtures, improving EDC exposure assessment, reducing bias from confounding, identifying periods of heightened vulnerability and elucidating the nature of sexually dimorphic EDC effects would enable stronger inferences to be made from epidemiological studies than currently possible.
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Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors
TL;DR: The anti-androgenic fungicide vinclozolin was found to act transiently at the time of embryonic sex determination to promote in the F1 generation a spermatogenic cell defect and subfertility in the male.