Polarimetric characterization of light and media - Physical quantities involved in polarimetric phenomena
TL;DR: An objective analysis is carried out of the matricial models representing the polarimetric properties of light and material media leading to the identification and definition of their corresponding physical quantities, using the concept of the coherency matrix, which constitutes a powerful tool for analyzing and exploiting experimental and industrial polarimetry.
Abstract: An objective analysis is carried out of the matricial models representing the polarimetric properties of light and material media leading to the identification and definition of their corresponding physical quantities, using the concept of the coherency matrix. For light, cases of homogeneous and inhomogeneous wavefront are analyzed, and a model for 3D polarimetric purity is constructed. For linear passive material media, a general model is developed on the basis that any physically realizable linear transformation of Stokes vectors is equivalent to an ensemble average of passive, deterministic nondepolarizing transformations. Through this framework, the relevant physical quantities, including indices of polarimetric purity, are identified and decoupled. Some decompositions of the whole system into a set of well-defined components are considered, as well as techniques for isolating the unknown components by means of new procedures for subtracting coherency matrices. These results and methods constitute a powerful tool for analyzing and exploiting experimental and industrial polarimetry. Some particular application examples are indicated.
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TL;DR: A fully automatic, accurate method for determining the local resolution of a 3D map (MonoRes), which is computationally more rapid than existing methods in the field and offers the option of local filtering of the original map based on the calculated local resolution.
166 citations
TL;DR: This paper reviews the current status of instruments for measuring the full 4×1 Stokes vector S, which describes the state of polarization of totally or partially polarized light, and the 4×4 Mueller matrix M, which determines how the SOP is transformed as light interacts with a material sample or an optical element or system.
Abstract: This paper reviews the current status of instruments for measuring the full 4×1 Stokes vector S, which describes the state of polarization (SOP) of totally or partially polarized light, and the 4×4 Mueller matrix M, which determines how the SOP is transformed as light interacts with a material sample or an optical element or system. The principle of operation of each instrument is briefly explained by using the Stokes-Mueller calculus. The development of fast, automated, imaging, and spectroscopic instruments over the last 50 years has greatly expanded the range of applications of optical polarimetry and ellipsometry in almost every branch of science and technology. Current challenges and future directions of this important branch of optics are also discussed.
138 citations
TL;DR: Polarimetric SAR observations led to a significant improvement in sea oil slick observation since they allow distinguishing oil slicks from a broad class of lookalikes in an unsupervised way and deeper information on the damping properties of the pollutant can be inferred, which is of paramount importance for remediation purposes.
Abstract: In this article, a review of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar SAR methods for sea oil slick observation is presented. Marine oil pollution monitoring is a topic of great applicative and scientific relevance. In this framework, the use of remotely sensed measurements is of special interest and, in particular, the SAR because of its almost all-weather and all-day imaging capability at fine spatial resolution is the most effective tool. Conventional single-polarization SAR oil spill monitoring techniques are limited in their capability to detect oil slicks since they strongly rely on suitable thresholds, training samples, and ancillary information. Hence, an expert image analyst is due. The launch of a number of polarimetric SAR missions, along with the understanding of the peculiar physical mechanisms governing the scattering by an oil slick, led to a new paradigm known as physical processing that fostered a set of polarimetric algorithms particularly robust and efficient. Hence, suitable polarimetric models that exploit the departure from the slick-free sea Bragg scattering have been developed to effectively address oil slick monitoring. A set of polarimetric features extracted following such electromagnetic models have been proved to be reliable for oil slick monitoring. Polarimetric SAR observations led to a significant improvement in sea oil slick observation since they allow distinguishing oil slicks from a broad class of lookalikes in an unsupervised way. In addition, deeper information on the damping properties of the pollutant can be also inferred, which is of paramount importance for remediation purposes. Such physical processing has been demonstrated to be robust at variance of microwave carrier frequency, e.g. L-, C-, and X-band, and suitable to be exploited to extract information by dual-polarized, full-polarized, and compact modes. All these make such a physical approach of operational interest since it is able to exploit a larger set of SAR measurements building up a virtual constellation. In this review all these are detailed.
123 citations
Cites methods from "Polarimetric characterization of li..."
...…ssð2Þ þ ssð3Þ þ ssð4Þp ssð1Þ : (17) Different formulations of p can be obtained based either on T and M (Sarabandi 1992; Gil 2000, 2007). p has been used in (Nunziata, Gambardella, and Migliaccio 2012; Nunziata, Migliaccio, and Li 2015) to both observe oil…...
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...They are mathematically given by (Born and Wolf 1980; Mandel and Wolf 1995; Gil 2007): Pw ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 4detðΓÞ trðΓÞ2 s ¼ 1 s0 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiX3 i¼1 si2 vuut ; (20) Hw ¼ trðΓ̂ log2 Γ̂Þ; Γ̂ ¼ Γ trðΓÞ ; (21) where…...
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TL;DR: The Stokes-Mueller matrix polarimetry (SMMP) as discussed by the authors has been used extensively in biomedical applications, such as biomedical studies and clinical diagnosis, to characterize the anisotropic optical properties of complex biomedical specimens.
Abstract: Recently, with the emergence of new light sources, polarization devices, and detectors, together with a prominent increase in data processing capability, polarization techniques find more and more applications in various areas, one of which is biomedicine. For probing the characteristic features of complex biomedical specimen, Mueller matrix polarimetry has demonstrated distinctive advantages. Mueller matrix polarimetry can be achieved on other optical techniques by adding the polarization state generator and analyzer to their existing optical paths appropriately. Common biomedical optical equipment, such as microscopes and endoscopes, can be upgraded to fulfill Mueller matrix imaging and measurement abilities. Compared with traditional non-polarization optical methods, Mueller matrix polarimetry can provide far more information to characterize the samples, including the anisotropic optical properties, such as birefringence and diattenuation, as well as the distinctive features of various scattering particles and microstructures. Also, Mueller matrix polarimetry is more sensitive to scattering by sub-wavelength microstructures. As a label-free and non-invasive tool, Mueller matrix polarimetry has broad application prospects in biomedical studies and clinical diagnosis. In this review, we provide an introduction to the Mueller matrix methodology, including the Stokes–Mueller formalism, and also the decomposition and transformation methods to derive new parameters. We also summarize the status of the Mueller matrix polarimetric field, including recent improvements, both in instrumentation and data analysis. The current and future applications of Mueller matrix polarimetry in biomedicine are provided and discussed.
110 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a proper set of indices characterizing the polarimetric purity of light and material media is defined from the eigenvalues of the corresponding coherency matrix.
91 citations
Cites background or methods from "Polarimetric characterization of li..."
...Luis [21,22]. 3.1 3D Degree of purity In second order optics, 3D polarization states are characterized by the corresponding “coherency matrix” or “polarization matrix” R and the 3D “degree of purity” [2] can be defined as [12,9,17] (5) () () 12 2 (3) 2 1 3tr 1 2 tr P ⎡ ⎛⎞⎤ =−⎢ ⎜⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎜⎟⎥ ⎣ ⎝⎠⎦ R R This invariant non-dimensional parameter is limited to the interval01≤≤P(3) . P(3) =1 corresponds to the ...
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...olarization entropy can be defined as S () ()() 2 0 3 ln tr ln tr ii S i λ λ =− =−= RR ∑ RR . (10) Thus, the entropy of a state of polarization can be expressed in terms of the indices of purity of R [2] () () () 3 21 2 1 2 21 2 1 2 13 1 3 11 2211 32 211 31 1 ln 1 ln 1 ln 1 3322 3 322 33 S PP P P P PP P P P = ⎧⎛⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎫ ⎪⎪⎜⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎝⎠ ⎝ ⎠++⎡⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎛⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎡+ − − ⎪⎪ =−⎨ ⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎜⎟ ⎜ ⎟+ + + + − + ⎢⎥− ⎬ ⎪ ⎣⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎝⎠...
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...ll-defined polarization ellipse). is reached when the three eigenvalues of are equal (equiprobable mixture of states and zero correlation between the electric field components). R P(3) =0 R As in Ref [2] we prefer using the term “degree of purity” (which, in this case refers to polarimetric purity), rather than “degree of polarization”, for P(3). As Setälä et al. have pointed out [17,18], takes into ...
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...coherency matrices in polarization optics. An overall invariant dimensionless measure of the statistical purity is given by the “Degree of Purity”. This quantity is related to the Von-Neumann entropy [1,2]. Nevertheless, a complete description of purity requires a set of n−1 invariant dimensionless “indices of purity”. These parameters have been defined by us in previous works for under the scope of po...
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...the structure of the algebraic expressions of the eigenvalues of R, and by inspecting the various relative differences between them, we see that a convenient pair of “indices of purity” is defined as [3,2] 4 01 0 1 2 12 2 , tr tr PP λ−λλλ+−λ == RR . (6) These non-dimensional quantities are restricted by the following limits 01≤PP12≤≤. (7) From the above equations, the following quadratic relation betwe...
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results of both classic and recent matrix analyses using canonical forms as a unifying theme, and demonstrate their importance in a variety of applications, such as linear algebra and matrix theory.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a Potpourri of Particles is used to describe surface modes in small Particles and the Angular Dependence of Scattering is shown to be a function of the size of the particles.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the meaning of probability and random variables are discussed, as well as the axioms of probability, and the concept of a random variable and repeated trials are discussed.
Abstract: Part 1 Probability and Random Variables 1 The Meaning of Probability 2 The Axioms of Probability 3 Repeated Trials 4 The Concept of a Random Variable 5 Functions of One Random Variable 6 Two Random Variables 7 Sequences of Random Variables 8 Statistics Part 2 Stochastic Processes 9 General Concepts 10 Random Walk and Other Applications 11 Spectral Representation 12 Spectral Estimation 13 Mean Square Estimation 14 Entropy 15 Markov Chains 16 Markov Processes and Queueing Theory
12,407 citations
TL;DR: Light scattering by small particles as mentioned in this paper, Light scattering by Small Particle Scattering (LPS), Light scattering with small particles (LSC), Light Scattering by Small Parts (LSP),
Abstract: Light scattering by small particles , Light scattering by small particles , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
9,737 citations