Polarization dependence of multipath propagation and high-speed transmission characteristics of indoor millimeter-wave channel at 60 GHz
TL;DR: In this article, a computer simulation was made to clarify the polarization dependence of the high-speed transmission characteristics of an indoor communications system operating at 60 GHz in a room within a modern office building.
Abstract: Measurements of polarization dependence of multipath-propagation characteristics were conducted at 60 GHz in a room within a modern office building. Delay profiles were measured using a swept frequency method with a high time-delay resolution of 2 ns. Directions of arrival of the multipath components reflected from walls were analyzed by rotating a narrow-beam receiving antenna with an angular resolution of 5 degrees. Results of this experiment showed that multipath delayed waves due to wall reflection can be effectively suppressed by employing circular polarization instead of linear polarization. Based on this experimental result, a computer simulation was made to clarify the polarization dependence of the high-speed transmission characteristics of an indoor communications system operating at 60 GHz. >
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TL;DR: A survey of existing solutions and standards is carried out, and design guidelines in architectures and protocols for mmWave communications are proposed, to facilitate the deployment of mmWave communication systems in the future 5G networks.
Abstract: With the explosive growth of mobile data demand, the fifth generation (5G) mobile network would exploit the enormous amount of spectrum in the millimeter wave (mmWave) bands to greatly increase communication capacity. There are fundamental differences between mmWave communications and existing other communication systems, in terms of high propagation loss, directivity, and sensitivity to blockage. These characteristics of mmWave communications pose several challenges to fully exploit the potential of mmWave communications, including integrated circuits and system design, interference management, spatial reuse, anti-blockage, and dynamics control. To address these challenges, we carry out a survey of existing solutions and standards, and propose design guidelines in architectures and protocols for mmWave communications. We also discuss the potential applications of mmWave communications in the 5G network, including the small cell access, the cellular access, and the wireless backhaul. Finally, we discuss relevant open research issues including the new physical layer technology, software-defined network architecture, measurements of network state information, efficient control mechanisms, and heterogeneous networking, which should be further investigated to facilitate the deployment of mmWave communication systems in the future 5G networks.
1,041 citations
Cites background from "Polarization dependence of multipat..."
...By using circular polarization and receiving antennas of narrow beam width, multipath reflection can be suppressed [32, 33]....
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18 Jul 2011
TL;DR: An overview of the technological advances in millimeter-wave circuit components, antennas, and propagation that will soon allow 60-GHz transceivers to provide multigigabit per second (multi-Gb/s) wireless communication data transfers in the consumer marketplace is presented.
Abstract: This tutorial presents an overview of the technological advances in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) circuit components, antennas, and propagation that will soon allow 60-GHz transceivers to provide multigigabit per second (multi-Gb/s) wireless communication data transfers in the consumer marketplace. Our goal is to help engineers understand the convergence of communications, circuits, and antennas, as the emerging world of subterahertz and terahertz wireless communications will require understanding at the intersections of these areas. This paper covers trends and recent accomplishments in a wide range of circuits and systems topics that must be understood to create massively broadband wireless communication systems of the future. In this paper, we present some evolving applications of massively broadband wireless communications, and use tables and graphs to show research progress from the literature on various radio system components, including on-chip and in-package antennas, radio-frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs), low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), mixers, and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). We focus primarily on silicon-based technologies, as these provide the best means of implementing very low-cost, highly integrated 60-GHz mm-wave circuits. In addition, the paper illuminates characterization techniques that are required to competently design and fabricate mm-wave devices in silicon, and illustrates effects of the 60-GHz RF propagation channel for both in-building and outdoor use. The paper concludes with an overview of the standardization and commercialization efforts for 60-GHz multi-Gb/s devices, and presents a novel way to compare the data rate versus power efficiency for future broadband devices.
907 citations
TL;DR: This paper details design tradeoffs for algorithms in the 60 GHz physical layer including modulation, equalization, and space-time processing and considers the limitations in circuit design, characteristics of the effective wireless channel, and performance requirements to support current and next generation 60 GHz wireless communication applications.
Abstract: Multiple GHz of internationally available, unlicensed spectrum surrounding the 60 GHz carrier frequency has the ability to accommodate high-throughput wireless communications. While the size and availability of this free spectrum make it very attractive for wireless applications, 60 GHz implementations must overcome many challenges. For example, the high attenuation and directional nature of the 60 GHz wireless channel as well as limited gain amplifiers and excessive phase noise in 60 GHz transceivers are explicit implementation difficulties. The challenges associated with this channel motivate commercial deployment of short-range wireless local area networks, wireless personal area networks, and vehicular networks. In this paper we detail design tradeoffs for algorithms in the 60 GHz physical layer including modulation, equalization, and space-time processing. The discussion is enhanced by considering the limitations in circuit design, characteristics of the effective wireless channel (including antennas), and performance requirements to support current and next generation 60 GHz wireless communication applications.
592 citations
Cites background from "Polarization dependence of multipat..."
...In [12] it was observed that circularly polarized signals reduce RMS delay spread values by a factor of 2 over linearly polarized signals....
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TL;DR: The results show that novel large-scale path loss models provided here are simpler and more physically based compared to previous 3GPP and ITU indoor propagation models that require more model parameters and offer very little additional accuracy and lack a physical basis.
Abstract: Ultra-wideband millimeter-wave (mmWave) propagation measurements were conducted in the 28- and 73-GHz frequency bands in a typical indoor office environment in downtown Brooklyn, New York, on the campus of New York University. The measurements provide large-scale path loss and temporal statistics that will be useful for ultra-dense indoor wireless networks for future mmWave bands. This paper presents the details of measurements that employed a 400 Megachips-per-second broadband sliding correlator channel sounder, using rotatable highly directional horn antennas for both co-polarized and crosspolarized antenna configurations. The measurement environment was a closed-plan in-building scenario that included a line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight corridor, a hallway, a cubicle farm, and adjacent-room communication links. Well-known and new single-frequency and multi-frequency directional and omnidirectional large-scale path loss models are presented and evaluated based on more than 14 000 directional power delay profiles acquired from unique transmitter and receiver antenna pointing angle combinations. Omnidirectional path loss models, synthesized from the directional measurements, are provided for the case of arbitrary polarization coupling, aswell as for the specific cases of co-polarized and cross-polarized antenna orientations. The results show that novel large-scale path loss models provided here are simpler and more physically based compared to previous 3GPP and ITU indoor propagation models that require more model parameters and offer very little additional accuracy and lack a physical basis. Multipath time dispersion statistics formmWave systems using directional antennas are presented for co-polarization, crosspolarization, and combined-polarization scenarios, and show that the multipath root mean square delay spread can be reduced when using transmitter and receiver antenna pointing angles that result in the strongest received power. Raw omnidirectional path loss data and closed-form optimization formulas for all path loss models are given in the Appendices.
515 citations
Cites background from "Polarization dependence of multipat..."
...investigated how the radiation patterns and antenna polarizations at remote terminals affects multipath propagation characteristics at 60 GHz, in a conference room [85], [86]....
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TL;DR: An overview of 60 GHz technology and its potentials to provide next generation multigigabit wireless communications systems is presented and the roles of antennas in establishing a reliable 60 GHz radio are highlighted.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of 60 GHz technology and its potentials to provide next generation multigigabit wireless communications systems. We begin by reviewing the state-of-art of the 60 GHz radio. Then, the current status of worldwide regulatory efforts and standardization activities for 60 GHz band is summarized. As a result of the worldwide unlicensed 60 GHz band allocation, a number of key applications can be identified using millimeter-wave technology. Despite of its huge potentials to achieve multigigabit wireless communications, 60 GHz radio presents a series of technical challenges that needs to be resolved before its full deployment. Specifically, we will focus on the link budget analysis from the 60 GHz radio propagation standpoint and highlight the roles of antennas in establishing a reliable 60 GHz radio.
472 citations
Cites background from "Polarization dependence of multipat..."
...In addition, measurements also demonstrated the effects of multipath suppression using circular polarization over linear polarization [48], but more extensive measurements are needed to affirm these results and to what extent this suppression occurs at 60GHz....
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References
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01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: A comprehensive catalog of data windows along with their significant performance parameters from which the different windows can be compared is included, and an example demonstrates the use and value of windows to resolve closely spaced harmonic signals characterized by large differences in amplitude.
Abstract: This paper makes available a concise review of data windows and their affect on the detection of harmonic signals in the presence of broad-band noise, and in the presence of nearby strong harmonic interference. We also call attention to a number of common errors in the application of windows when used with the fast Fourier transform. This paper includes a comprehensive catalog of data windows along with their significant performance parameters from which the different windows can be compared. Finally, an example demonstrates the use and value of windows to resolve closely spaced harmonic signals characterized by large differences in amplitude.
7,130 citations
TL;DR: Results show that line-of-sight (LOS) channels offer significantly more cross-polarization discrimination than obstructed channels and directional circularly polarized antennas always reduce RMS delay spread when compared to omnidirectional and directional linearly polarized antennas in LOS.
Abstract: Results of experiments using a variety of antennas inside several buildings are presented. Path loss models for the 1.3 GHz and 4.0 GHz bands that show little difference in indoor path loss throughout the low-microwave region are discussed. Results show that line-of-sight (LOS) channels offer significantly more cross-polarization discrimination than obstructed channels. A profound result is that directional circularly polarized (CP) antennas always reduce RMS delay spread when compared to omnidirectional and directional linearly polarized (LP) antennas in LOS. The variation of RMS delay spread as a mobile moves over several wavelengths is also greatly reduced when CP antennas are used. >
111 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of wideband measurements of indoor radio channels operating in a 2 GHz frequency band centred around 58 GHz were performed using a frequency step sounding technique and the results were presented of cell coverage and RMS delay spreas under both line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed (OBS) situations.
Abstract: Wideband measurements of indoor radio channels operating in a 2 GHz frequency band centred around 58 GHz were performed using a frequency step sounding technique. The results are presented of cell coverage and RMS delay spreas under both line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed (OBS) situations.
96 citations
19 May 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe wideband measurements which have been conducted in a variety of indoor locations and use RMS (root mean square) delay spreads to compare levels of multipath activity at the two frequencies.
Abstract: Given the current interest being shown in the utilization of the frequency band around 1.7/1.8 GHz and 60 GHz, work has been undertaken to determine channel characteristics in these two ranges. The authors describe wideband measurements which have been conducted in a variety of indoor locations. RMS (root mean square) delay spreads were calculated and used to compare levels of multipath activity at the two frequencies. The levels of multipath measured at the two frequencies can be related to the size of the rooms involved and the measurement techniques. Any differences due to atmospheric absorption at 60 GHz were found to be negligible. >
68 citations
TL;DR: The performance of an ideal quaternary PSK (QPSK.) modem operating on a 58 GHz indoor radio channel is evaluated and the performance improvement achievable with antenna diversity is indicated.
Abstract: The performance of an ideal quaternary PSK (QPSK) modem operating on a 58 GHz indoor radio channel is evaluated. In addition, the performance improvement achievable with antenna diversity is indicated. These evaluations are based on measured multipath profiles obtained in eight indoor environments. The results are presented in terms of maximum achievable bit rate for a specified bit error rate requirement.
14 citations