Journal Article•
Polarized light
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the use of polarized light for the engineering field is presented, focusing on its applications in the study of stresses, in photography, stereoscopic motion pictures, vehicle lighting, and display lighting.
Abstract: With the development of practical polarizing sheets, polarized light, long known and employed by science, is being given increasingly wide use in engineering and industry. Its applications in the study of stresses, in photography, stereoscopic motion pictures, vehicle lighting, and display lighting, are among those mentioned by this author, who reviews polarized light for the engineer.
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TL;DR: In this article, the Manakov-polarization mode dispersion (PMD) equation is used to model both non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and soliton signal propagation in optical fibers with randomly varying birefringence.
Abstract: We report on our investigations of the Manakov-polarization mode dispersion (PMD) equation which can be used to model both nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) and soliton signal propagation in optical fibers with randomly varying birefringence We review the derivation of the Manakov-PMD equation from the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation, and we discuss the physical meaning of its terms We discuss our numerical approach for solving this equation, and we apply this approach to both NRZ and soliton propagation, We show by comparison with the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation, integrated with steps that are short enough to follow the detailed polarization evolution, that our approach is orders of magnitude faster with no loss of accuracy Finally, we compare our approach to the widely used coarse-step method and demonstrate that the coarse-step method is both efficient and valid
432 citations
Cites background from "Polarized light"
...where the transfer matrix M [14] satisfies the ordinary differ-...
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TL;DR: The substantial reduction of light scattering multiplicity at tissue optical clearing that leads to a lesser influence of scattering on the measured intrinsic polarization properties of the tissue and allows for more precise quantification of these properties is demonstrated.
Abstract: This tutorial-review introduces the fundamentals of polarized light interaction with biological tissues and presents some of the recent key polarization optical methods that have made possible the quantitative studies essential for biomedical diagnostics. Tissue structures and the corresponding models showing linear and circular birefringence, dichroism, and chirality are analyzed. As the basis for a quantitative description of the interaction of polarized light with tissues, the theory of polarization transfer in a random medium is used. This theory employs the modified transfer equation for Stokes parameters to predict the polarization properties of single- and multiple-scattered optical fields. The near-order of scatterers in tissues is accounted for to provide an adequate description of tissue polarization properties. Biomedical diagnostic techniques based on polarized light detection, including polarization imaging and spectroscopy, amplitude and intensity light scattering matrix measurements, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography are described. Examples of biomedical applications of these techniques for early diagnostics of cataracts, detection of precancer, and prediction of skin disease are presented. The substantial reduction of light scattering multiplicity at tissue optical clearing that leads to a lesser influence of scattering on the measured intrinsic polarization properties of the tissue and allows for more precise quantification of these properties is demonstrated.
231 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a high efficiency, broadband, tunable and flexible quarter-wave plate based on a multilayer metamaterial is presented, with excellent achromatic π/2 phase retardance with high transmission.
Abstract: Metamaterials offer exciting opportunities that enable precise control of light propagation, its intensity and phase by designing an artificial medium of choice. Inducing birefringence via engineered metamolecules presents a fascinating mechanism to manipulate the phase of electromagnetic waves and facilitates the design of polarimetric devices. In this paper, a high-efficiency, broadband, tunable and flexible quarter-wave plate based on a multilayer metamaterial is presented. Excellent achromatic π/2 phase retardance with high transmission is observed upon terahertz propagation through the quarter-wave plate. The calculated Stokes parameter represents the output polarization state numerically, indicating an excellent broadband conversion of linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light. The metamaterial-based quarter-wave plate demonstrated in this work could be an important step forward in the development of functional terahertz polarization conversion devices for practical applications.
220 citations
Cites methods from "Polarized light"
...In order to numerically determine the polarization state of the terahertz radiation, we introduce the Stokes parameters as [29]:...
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TL;DR: Polarization vision has special utility and consequently has evolved in numerous marine species, as well as at least one terrestrial animal, and is apparently used for tasks like those that color vision specializes in: contrast enhancement, camouflage breaking, object recognition, and signal detection and discrimination.
Abstract: Visual pigments, the molecules in photoreceptors that initiate the process of vision, are inherently dichroic, differentially absorbing light according to its axis of polarization. Many animals have taken advantage of this property to build receptor systems capable of analyzing the polarization of incoming light, as polarized light is abundant in natural scenes (commonly being produced by scattering or reflection). Such polarization sensitivity has long been associated with behavioral tasks like orientation or navigation. However, only recently have we become aware that it can be incorporated into a high-level visual perception akin to color vision, permitting segmentation of a viewed scene into regions that differ in their polarization. By analogy to color vision, we call this capacity polarization vision. It is apparently used for tasks like those that color vision specializes in: contrast enhancement, camouflage breaking, object recognition, and signal detection and discrimination. While color is very useful in terrestrial or shallow-water environments, it is an unreliable cue deeper in water due to the spectral modification of light as it travels through water of various depths or of varying optical quality. Here, polarization vision has special utility and consequently has evolved in numerous marine species, as well as at least one terrestrial animal. In this review, we consider recent findings concerning polarization vision and its significance in biological signaling.
197 citations
Cites background from "Polarized light"
...So, mantis shrimps see and analyze linearly polarized light (Yamaguchi et al., 1976; Marshall, 1988; Marshall et al., 1991)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a field-coupling model for propagation in graded-index MMF, analogous to the principal-state model for polarization-mode dispersion in single-mode fiber.
Abstract: Power-coupling models are inherently unable to describe certain mode coupling effects in multimode fiber (MMF) when using coherent sources at high bit rates, such as polarization dependence of the impulse response. We develop a field-coupling model for propagation in graded-index MMF, analogous to the principal-states model for polarization-mode dispersion in single-mode fiber. Our model allows computation of the fiber impulse response, given a launched electric-field profile and polarization. In order to model both spatial- and polarization-mode coupling, we divide a MMF into numerous short sections, each having random curvature and random angular orientation. The model can be described using only a few parameters, including fiber length, number of sections, and curvature variance. For each random realization of a MMF, we compute a propagation matrix, the principal modes (PMs), and corresponding group delays (GDs). When the curvature variance and fiber length are small (low-coupling regime), the GDs are close to their uncoupled values, and scale linearly with fiber length, while the PMs remain highly polarized. In this regime, our model reproduces the polarization dependence of the impulse response that is observed in silica MMF. When the curvature variance and fiber length are sufficiently large (high-coupling regime), the GD spread is reduced, and the GDs scale with the square root of the fiber length, while the PMs become depolarized. In this regime, our model is consistent with the reduced GD spread observed in plastic MMF.
180 citations
Cites methods from "Polarized light"
...We present polarization states in terms of Stokes parameters [30]....
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