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Journal ArticleDOI

Polarizing phase shifting interferometry of total internal reflection light for measurement of refractive index and its spatial variation in liquid samples

01 Jul 2016-Optical Engineering (International Society for Optics and Photonics)-Vol. 55, Iss: 7, pp 077102-077102
TL;DR: In this article, the phase change in total internal reflection (TIR) is measured using a Mach Zehnder interferometer employing polarization phase shifting technique, and the evaluated phase change is related to the refractive index variations of the rarer medium.
Abstract: It is well known that the phase change in total internal reflection (TIR) is a function of the refractive indices of the pair of media involved. The spatial phase variations in a totally internally reflected beam are accurately measured using a Mach Zehnder interferometer employing polarization phase shifting technique. The evaluated phase change is then related to the refractive index variations of the rarer medium. One of the salient features of the proposed technique is that, unlike most interferometric methods where the measured phase is a function of the sample thickness, TIR phase is independent of the sample thickness as long as the evanescent wave field is fully confined within the sample. The theory of the technique is discussed and experimental results showing the three-dimensional profiles of the measured refractive indices and its spatial variations are presented.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer based on phase-shifting technique and birefringence crystals is proposed and demonstrated and has high stability and can adapt to a larger measurement range.
Abstract: In this paper, the optical fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) interferometer based on phase-shifting technique and birefringence crystals is proposed and demonstrated. We use the characteristics of birefringence and four birefringence crystals with different thicknesses to obtain the quadrature phase-shifted signals, which are demodulated by phase-shifting technique. Two types of sensing interferometers are used in the experiment. One is the optical fiber F-P sensor and the other is composed of the fiber end face and the glass surface fixed on the nanopositioning stage. The experimental results show that the normalized standard deviation (SD) of the calibration microphone centerline is 1.97 and 2.63 times larger than the optical fiber F-P interferometer under the sinusoidal sonic signals of 21 kHz and 40 kHz, and the interferometer is effective in avoiding phase ambiguity. The proposed interferometer has high stability and can adapt to a larger measurement range.

11 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a variable-inclination Mach-Zehnder interferometer was proposed to measure the transmission wavefront of laser rods and to improve the edge diffraction effect of small-aperture laser rods measured by Tayman or Fizeau interferometers.
Abstract: In order to measure the transmission wavefront of laser rods and to improve the edge diffraction effect of small-aperture laser rods measured by Tayman or Fizeau interferometer, a variable-inclination Mach-Zehnder interferometer was proposed. The incident angle was changed by adjusting the tilting attitude of the phase shifting reflector, then the optical path difference was changed that the phase shift was introduced to the coherent light and the phase shifting interferometry was realized. The transmission wavefront of a laser rod (Nd:YAG) with the diameter of 6 mm and the length of 60 mm was measured by this interferometer, the peak-valley (PV) and root mean square (RMS) of the wavefront were 0.391λ and 0.056λ. The same laser rod was measured by ZYGO GPI XP interferometer, the peak-valley (PV) and root mean square (RMS) were 0.370λ and 0.064λ. The comparison results show that the interferometer can achieve high-precision detection of transmission wavefront of laser robs. The variable-inclination Mach-Zehnder interferometer has high phase-shifting precision and wide phase-shifting range, and the beam in the system can pass through the laser rod only once, which can suppress the multi-beam interference and improve the edge diffraction effect of the small-aperture laser rods.

5 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...格昂贵,难以用于现场检测的一体化结构干涉仪中。 偏振移相技术也是马赫-曾德尔干涉仪中常用的 时域移相方法。Santa等[14]在测量双折射材料的幅值和 方向时,通过旋转偏振片引入相移;Tania等[15]采用偏...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a temporal 4-step phase shift technique for digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) with one fixed and two rotatable polarizers is proposed.
Abstract: A temporal 4-step polarization phase-shifting technique for digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) with one fixed and two rotatable polarizers is proposed. The fixed polarizer is used to filter out the reflected object beam in one polarization direction, and the two rotatable polarizers are used to perform the 4 times phase shifts. The Jones derivation illustrates the object surface phase distribution can be derived from the 4 speckle pattern interferograms, which are bright, gloomy, bright, and gloomy successively. The experiment shows that the proposed temporal polarization phase-shifting technique is able to extract the phase change caused by a tiny out-of-plane displacement. Unlike the PZT-driven phase-shifting, the polarization phase-shifting in this method is stable and accurate in the long term.

2 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this article, two frames are captured to extract values of reflectivity for s and p polarized light using a basic in-line setup, and the results from the proposed set up are compared with the results obtained from phase shifting interferometric technique using a Mach Zehnder interferometer.
Abstract: It is well known that reflectivity of s and p polarized light is a function of refractive indices of pair of media involved. This concept is used here to determine the variation of refractive index of a graded index and step index optical fiber preform. The salient feature of the technique is that, unlike interferometric measurements, refractive index can be determined without measuring the thickness of the sample. Two frames are captured here to extract values of reflectivity for s and p polarized light using a basic in-line setup. Also the results from the proposed set up are compared with the results obtained from phase shifting interferometric technique using a Mach Zehnder interferometer.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work presents a meta-analysis of the literature on food quality and safety analysis and its applications in the context of veterinary drugs and drugs and drug-Induced Antibodies, which focuses on the role of canine coronavirus in the veterinary industry.
Abstract: 5.1. Detection Formats 475 5.2. Food Quality and Safety Analysis 477 5.2.1. Pathogens 477 5.2.2. Toxins 479 5.2.3. Veterinary Drugs 479 5.2.4. Vitamins 480 5.2.5. Hormones 480 5.2.6. Diagnostic Antibodies 480 5.2.7. Allergens 481 5.2.8. Proteins 481 5.2.9. Chemical Contaminants 481 5.3. Medical Diagnostics 481 5.3.1. Cancer Markers 481 5.3.2. Antibodies against Viral Pathogens 482 5.3.3. Drugs and Drug-Induced Antibodies 483 5.3.4. Hormones 483 5.3.5. Allergy Markers 483 5.3.6. Heart Attack Markers 484 5.3.7. Other Molecular Biomarkers 484 5.4. Environmental Monitoring 484 5.4.1. Pesticides 484 5.4.2. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 485 5.4.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons 485 5.4.4. Heavy Metals 485 5.4.5. Phenols 485 5.4.6. Polychlorinated Biphenyls 487 5.4.7. Dioxins 487 5.5. Summary 488 6. Conclusions 489 7. Abbreviations 489 8. Acknowledgment 489 9. References 489

3,698 citations


"Polarizing phase shifting interfero..." refers background in this paper

  • ...(3) with respect to φs, the expression for sensitivity in the measurement of the sample refractive index n2 may be expressed as,...

    [...]

  • ...(3) and (4) it is obvious that the change of phase is directly related to the incident angle and pair refractive indices involved....

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  • ...n(2)1 cos 2 θ1 − n(2)1 sin(2) θ1 þ n(2)2 ; (3)...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The phase shift of cells from type L 929 fibroblast and mitochondria from liver cells was measured and the Fraunhofer diffraction of the measured phase object is calculated.
Abstract: With a phase microscope the phase shift of cells from type L 929 fibroblast and mitochondria from liver cells was measured. Compared to the total phase shift caused by the cell relative to vacuum (approximately 1400 nm) the single phase shift of the mitochondria (approximately 180 nm) is small. Only the nucleus and the membrane of the cell give a visibly different phase shift relative to the mean value of the cell. The Fraunhofer diffraction of the measured phase object is calculated. With a simplified scattering theory, i.e. Rayleigh - Gans scattering, different phase objects are investigated and their differential cross section is discussed.

342 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An accurate and efficient method for measuring the refractive indices of a transparent plate by analyzing the transmitted intensity versus angle of incidence and independent determination of the absolute index of refraction and the thickness with a relative uncertainty of 10(-5).
Abstract: We developed an accurate and efficient method for measuring the refractive indices of a transparent plate by analyzing the transmitted intensity versus angle of incidence. By using two different wavelengths, we resolved the 2pi-ambiguity inherent to the phase measurement involving a thick medium, leading to independent determination of the absolute index of refraction and the thickness with a relative uncertainty of 10(-5). The validity and the accuracy of our method were confirmed with a standard reference material. Furthermore, our method is insensitive to environmental perturbations, and simple to implement, compared to the conventional index measurement methods providing similar accuracy.

67 citations


"Polarizing phase shifting interfero..." refers background in this paper

  • ...n1 cos θ1 þ i ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi n(2)1 sin 2 θ1 − n(2)2 p ; (1)...

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Journal ArticleDOI
28 Aug 2014-Sensors
TL;DR: This work discusses the advancements in interferometric SPR methods to measure the phase shifts due to refractive index changes, and solutions are suggested to enhance the performance parameters that will aid in future biological and chemical sensors.
Abstract: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a novel optical sensing technique with a unique ability to monitor molecular binding in real-time for biological and chemical sensor applications. Interferometry is an excellent tool for accurate measurement of SPR changes, the measurement and comparison is made for the sensitivity, dynamic range and resolution of the different analytes using interferometry techniques. SPR interferometry can also employ phase detection in addition to the amplitude of the reflected light wave, and the phase changes more rapidly compared with other approaches, i.e., intensity, angle and wavelength. Therefore, the SPR phase interferometer offers the advantages of spatial phase resolution and high sensitivity. This work discusses the advancements in interferometric SPR methods to measure the phase shifts due to refractive index changes. The main application areas of SPR sensors are demonstrated, i.e., the Fabry-Perot interferometer, Michelson interferometer and Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with different configurations. The three interferometers are discussed in detail, and solutions are suggested to enhance the performance parameters that will aid in future biological and chemical sensors.

62 citations


"Polarizing phase shifting interfero..." refers background in this paper

  • ...(3) and (4) it is obvious that the change of phase is directly related to the incident angle and pair refractive indices involved....

    [...]

  • ...n(4)2 cos 2 θ1 − n(4)1 sin(2) θ1 þ n(2)1n(2)2 : (4)...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work introduces a new microscopy technique termed total internal reflection holographic microscopy (TIRHM), which uses quantitative phase microscopy by digital holography to image the phase profile of light in totalinternal reflection, which is modulated by the materials present on or near the surface of internal reflection.
Abstract: We introduce a new microscopy technique termed total internal reflection holographic microscopy (TIRHM). Quantitative phase microscopy by digital holography is used to image the phase profile of light in total internal reflection, which is modulated by the materials present on or near the surface of internal reflection. The imaging characteristics are theoretically modeled and imaging capabilities are experimentally demonstrated.

55 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...1⁄4 1ffiffiffi 2 p a: expðiθÞ cos θ sin θ : (8)...

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